Biography of Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk 1628-1684

On 7th March 1626 [his father] Henry Howard 15th or 22nd Earl of Arundel 5th Earl of Surrey 2nd Earl Norfolk [aged 17] and [his mother] Elizabeth Stewart Countess Arundel and Norfolk [aged 16] were married. She the daughter of [his grandfather] Esmé Stewart 3rd Duke Lennox and [his grandmother] Katherine Clifton Duchess Lennox [aged 34]. He the son of Thomas Howard 14th or 21st Earl of Arundel 4th Earl of Surrey 1st Earl Norfolk [aged 40] and Alethea Talbot Countess Arundel, Surrey and Norfolk [aged 41]. They were half fifth cousins.

On 12th July 1628 Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk was born to [his father] Henry Howard 15th or 22nd Earl of Arundel 5th Earl of Surrey 2nd Earl Norfolk [aged 19] and [his mother] Elizabeth Stewart Countess Arundel and Norfolk [aged 18].

John Evelyn's Diary. 23rd March 1646. It was Easter-Monday that I was invited to breakfast at the Earl of Arundel's. I took my leave of him in his bed, where I left that great and excellent man in tears on some private discourse of crosses that had befallen his illustrious family, particularly the undutifulness of his grandson Philip turning Dominican Friar (since Cardinal of Norfolk), and the misery of his country now embroiled in civil war. He caused his gentleman to give me directions, all written with his own hand, what curiosities I should inquire after in my journey; and, so enjoining me to write sometimes to him, I departed. There stayed for me below, Mr. Henry Howard [aged 17] (afterward Duke of Norfolk), Mr. J. Digby [aged 19], son of Sir Kenelm Digby [aged 43], and other gentlemen, who conducted me to the coach.

On 4th October 1646 [his grandfather] Thomas Howard 14th or 21st Earl of Arundel 4th Earl of Surrey 1st Earl Norfolk [aged 61] died. His son [his father] Henry [aged 38] succeeded 14th or 22nd Earl Arundel, 5th Earl Surrey, 2nd Earl Norfolk, 12th Baron Maltravers, 12th Baron Arundel, 15th Baron Mowbray, 16th Baron Segrave. [his mother] Elizabeth Stewart Countess Arundel and Norfolk [aged 36] by marriage Countess Arundel, Countess Norfolk, Countess Norfolk.

Around 1652 Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 23] and Anne Somerset Countess Norfolk [aged 21] were married. She the daughter of Henry Somerset 1st Marquess Worcester and Anne Russell Countess Worcester. He the son of Henry Howard 15th or 22nd Earl of Arundel 5th Earl of Surrey 2nd Earl Norfolk [aged 43] and Elizabeth Stewart Countess Arundel and Norfolk [aged 42]. They were fifth cousin once removed.

On 17th April 1652 [his father] Henry Howard 15th or 22nd Earl of Arundel 5th Earl of Surrey 2nd Earl Norfolk [aged 43] died. His son [his brother] Thomas [aged 25] succeeded 16th or 23rd Earl Arundel, 6th Earl Surrey, 3rd Earl Norfolk, 13th Baron Maltravers, 13th Baron Arundel, 16th Baron Mowbray, 17th Baron Segrave.

On 3rd June 1654 [his grandmother] Alethea Talbot Countess Arundel, Surrey and Norfolk [aged 69] died. Her grandson [his brother] Thomas [aged 27] succeeded 14th Baron Furnivall, 18th Baron Strange Blackmere, 15th Baron Talbot.

On 11th January 1655 [his son] Henry Howard 7th Duke of Norfolk was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 26] and [his wife] Anne Somerset Countess Norfolk [aged 24]. He married (1) 8th August 1677 his third cousin twice removed Mary Mordaunt Duchess Norfolk, daughter of Henry Mordaunt 2nd Earl Peterborough and Penelope O'Brien Countess Peterborough.

John Evelyn's Diary. 10th August 1655. To Albury, to visit Mr. Howard [aged 27], who had begun to build, and alter the gardens much. He showed me many rare pictures, particularly the Moor on horseback; Erasmus, as big as the life, by Holbein; a Madonna, in miniature, by Oliver; but, above all, the skull, carved in wood, by Albert Durer, for which his father was offered £100; also Albert's head, by himself, with divers rare agates, intaglios, and other curiosities.

In 1657 [his son] Thomas Howard was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 28] and [his wife] Anne Somerset Countess Norfolk [aged 26]. He married before 9th November 1689 Mary Elizabeth Savile, daughter of John Savile 1st Baronet, and had issue.

John Evelyn's Diary. 15th September 1659. Came to see me Mr. Brereton [aged 28], a very learned gentleman, son to my Lord Brereton [aged 48], with his wife and divers other ladies. Also, Henry Howard of Norfolk [aged 31], since Duke of Norfolk.

John Evelyn's Diary. 17th October 1659. I visited Mr. Howard [aged 31], at Arundel House [Map], who gave me a fair onyx set in gold, and showed me his design of a palace there.

In 1660 [his brother] Thomas Howard 5th Duke of Norfolk [aged 32] was restored 5th Duke Norfolk by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland in response to a petition by Parliament it having previously been forfeited in 1572 by his great-great-grandfather Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk who had been executed for his involvement in the Ridolphi Plot.

In 1662 [his wife] Anne Somerset Countess Norfolk [aged 31] died.

John Evelyn's Diary. 19th June 1662. I went to Albury, to visit Mr. Henry Howard [aged 33], soon after he had procured the Dukedom to be restored. This gentleman had now compounded a debt of £200,000, contracted by his grandfather. I was much obliged to that great virtuoso, and to this young gentleman, with whom I stayed a fortnight.

John Evelyn's Diary. 2nd July 1662. We hunted and killed a buck in the park, Mr. Howard [aged 33] inviting most of the gentlemen of the country near him.

John Evelyn's Diary. 3rd July 1662. my wife [aged 27] met me at Woodcot, whither Mr. Howard [aged 33] accompanied me to see my son John, who had been much brought up among Mr. Howard's children at Arundel House [Map], till, for fear of their perverting him in the Catholic religion, I was forced to take him home.

John Evelyn's Diary. 1st August 1662. Mr. H. Howard [aged 34], his brothers Charles [aged 32], Edward [aged 25], Bernard [aged 21], Philip [aged 33], now the Queen's [aged 23] Almoner (all brothers of the Duke of Norfolk, still in Italy), came with a great train, and dined with me; Mr. H. Howard leaving with me his eldest and youngest sons, Henry [aged 7] and Thomas [aged 5], for three or four days, my son, John [aged 7], having been sometime bred up in their father's house.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 28th November 1666. Here was Mr. Henry Howard [aged 38], that will hereafter be Duke of Norfolke, who is admitted this day into the Society, and being a very proud man, and one that values himself upon his family, writes his name, as he do every where, Henry Howard of Norfolke.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 7th January 1667. He tells me how the Parliament is grown so jealous of the King's being unfayre to them in the business of the Bill for examining Accounts, Irish Bill, and the business of the Papists, that they will not pass the business for money till they see themselves secure that those Bills will pass; which they do observe the Court to keep off till all the Bills come together, that the King [aged 36] may accept what he pleases, and what he pleases to reject, which will undo all our business and the Kingdom too. He tells me how Mr. Henry Howard [aged 38], of Norfolke, hath given our Royal Society all his [his grandfather] grandfather's library: which noble gift they value at £1000; and gives them accommodation to meet in at his house, Arundell House [Map], they being now disturbed at Gresham College.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 9th January 1667. Thence to Faythorne [aged 51], and bought a head or two; one of them my Lord of Ormond's [aged 56], the best I ever saw, and then to Arundell House [Map], where first the Royall Society meet, by the favour of Mr. Harry Howard [aged 38], who was there, and has given us his [his grandfather] grandfather's library, a noble gift, and a noble favour and undertaking it is for him to make his house the seat for this college. Here was an experiment shown about improving the use of powder for creating of force in winding up of springs and other uses of great worth. And here was a great meeting of worthy noble persons; but my Lord Bruncker [aged 47], who pretended to make a congratulatory speech upon their coming hither, and in thanks to Mr. Howard, do it in the worst manner in the world, being the worst speaker, so as I do wonder at his parts and the unhappiness of his speaking.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 23rd January 1667. Up, and with Sir W. Batten [aged 66] and Sir W. Pen [aged 45] to White Hall, and there to the Duke of York [aged 33], and did our usual business. Having done there, I to St. James's, to see the organ Mrs. Turner [aged 44] told me of the other night, of my late [his uncle] Lord Aubigney's; and I took my Lord Bruncker [aged 47] with me, he being acquainted with my present Lord Almoner, Mr. Howard [aged 38], brother to the Duke of Norfolke [aged 38]; so he and I thither and did see the organ, but I do not like it, it being but a bauble, with a virginal! joining to it: so I shall not meddle with it.

John Evelyn's Diary. 19th September 1667. This done 21st, I accompanied Mr. Howard [aged 39] to his villa at Albury, where I designed for him the plot of his canal and garden, with a crypt through the hill.

John Evelyn's Diary. 19th September 1667. To London, with Mr. Henry Howard [aged 39], of Norfolk, of whom I obtained the gift of his Arundelian marbles, those celebrated and famous inscriptions, Greek and Latin, gathered with so much cost and industry from Greece, by his illustrious grandfather, the magnificent Earl of Arundel, my noble friend while he lived. When I saw these precious. Monuments miserably neglected, and scattered up and down about the garden, and other parts of Arundel House [Map], and how exceedingly the corrosive air of London impaired them, I procured him to bestow them on the University of Oxford. This he was pleased to grant me; and now gave me the key of the gallery, with leave to mark all those stones, urns, altars, etc., and whatever I found had inscriptions on them, that were not statues. This I did; and getting them removed and piled together, with those which were incrusted in the garden walls, I sent immediately letters to the Vice-Chancellor of what I had procured, and that if they esteemed it a service to the University (of which I had been a member), they should take order for their transportation.

John Evelyn's Diary. 8th October 1667. Came to dine with me Dr. Bathurst [aged 47], Dean of Wells, President of Trinity College, sent by the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, in the name both of him and the whole University, to thank me for procuring the inscriptions, and to receive my directions what was to be done to show their gratitude to Mr. Howard [aged 39].

John Evelyn's Diary. 25th October 1667. The Vice-Chancellor's letter to the same effect was too vainglorious to insert, with divers copies of verses that were also sent me. Their mentioning me in the inscription I totally declined, when I directed the titles of Mr. Howard [aged 39], now made Lord, upon his Ambassage to Morocco.

John Evelyn's Diary. 25th October 1667. These four doctors, having made me this compliment, desired me to carry and introduce them to Mr. Howard [aged 39], at Arundel House [Map]; which I did, Dr. Barlow [aged 59] (Provost of Queen's) after a short speech, delivering a larger letter of the University's thanks, which was written in Latin, expressing the great sense they had of the honor done them. After this compliment handsomely performed and as nobly received, Mr. Howard accompanied the doctors to their coach. That evening I supped with them.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 22nd June 1668. Thence with him to my Lord Brouncker's [aged 48], where a Council of the Royall Society; and there heard Mr. Harry Howard's [aged 39] noble offers about ground for our College, and his intentions of building his own house there most nobly. My business was to meet Mr. Boyle [aged 41], which I did, and discoursed about my eyes; and he did give me the best advice he could, but refers me to one Turberville [aged 56], of Salsbury, lately come to town, which I will go to¹. Thence home, where the streets full, at our end of the town, removing their wine against the Act begins, which will be two days hence, to raise the price. I did get my store in of Batelier this night. So home to supper and to bed.

Note 1. Daubigny Turberville, of Oriel College; created M.D. at Oxford,1660. He was a physician of some eminence, and, dying at Salisbury on the 21st April, 1696, aged eighty-five, he was buried in the cathedral, where his monument remains. Cassan, in his "Lives of the Bishops of Sarum", part iii., p. 103, has reprinted an interesting account of Turberville, from the "Memoir of Bishop Seth Ward", published in 1697, by Dr. Walter Pope. Turberville was born at Wayford, co. Somerset, in 1612, and became an expert oculist; and probably Pepys received great benefit from his advice, as his vision does not appear to have failed during the many years that he lived after discontinuing the Diary. The doctor died rich, and subsequently to his decease his sister Mary, inheriting all his prescriptions, and knowing how to use them, practised as an oculist in London with good reputation. B.

Around 1669 John Michael Wright [aged 51]. Portrait of Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 40].

In 1669 Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 40] was created 1st Baron Howard of Castle Rising.

John Evelyn's Diary. 17th October 1671. My Lord Henry Howard [aged 43] coming this night to visit my Lord Chamberlain, and staying a day, would needs have me go with him to Norwich, Norfolk [Map], promising to convey me back, after a day or two; this, as I could not refuse, I was not hard to be pursuaded to, having a desire to see that famous scholar and physician, Dr. T. Browne [aged 65], author of the Religio Medici and Vulgar Errors, now lately knighted. Thither, then, went my Lord and I alone, in his flying chariot with six horses; and by the way, discoursing with me of several of his concerns, he acquainted me of his going to marry his eldest son to one of the King's [aged 41] natural daughters [Note. Either Anne Fitzroy Countess Sussex [aged 10] or Charlotte Fitzroy Countess Lichfield [aged 7].], by the Duchess of Cleveland [aged 30]; by which he reckoned he should come into mighty favor. He also told me that, though he kept that idle creature, Mrs. B-- [Note. [his future wife] Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk [aged 28]], and would leave £200 a year to the son [Note. Henry Howard and Jane Bickerton had three sons; not clear which is being referred to since the eldest may have died and the reference may be to a surviving son.] he had by her, he would never marry her, and that the King himself had cautioned him against it. All the world knows how he kept his promise [Note. meaning he didn't keep his promise since Henry Howard did marry Jane Bickerton - this a case of John Evelyn writing his diary retrospectively?], and I was sorry at heart to hear what now he confessed to me; and that a person and a family which I so much honored for the sake of that noble and illustrious friend of mine, his grandfather, should dishonor and pollute them both with those base and vicious courses he of late had taken since the death of Sir Samuel Tuke [aged 56], and that of his own virtuous lady (my Lady Anne Somerset, sister to the Marquis); who, while they lived, preserved this gentleman by their example and advice from those many extravagances that impaired both his fortune and reputation.

John Evelyn's Diary. 17th October 1671. Being come to the Ducal palace [Map], my Lord [aged 43] made very much of me; but I had little rest, so exceedingly desirous he was to show me the contrivance he had made for the entertainment of their Majesties, and the whole Court not long before, and which, though much of it was but temporary, apparently framed of boards only, was yet standing. As to the palace, it is an old wretched building, and that part of it newly built of brick, is very ill understood; so as I was of the opinion it had been much better to have demolished all, and set it up in a better place, than to proceed any further; for it stands in the very market-place, and, though near a river, yet a very narrow muddy one, without any extent.

John Evelyn's Diary. 18th October 1671. I returned to Euston, in Lord Henry Howard's [aged 43] coach, leaving him at Norwich, in company with a very ingenious gentleman, Mr. White, whose father and mother (daughter to the late Lord Treasurer Weston, Earl of Portland) I knew at Rome, where this gentleman was born, and where his parents lived and died with much reputation, during their banishment in our civil broils.

In 1672 Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 43] was created 1st Earl Norwich.

Around 1672 Gilbert Soest [aged 67]. Portrait of Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 43].

John Evelyn's Diary. 26th September 1672. I carried with me to dinner my Lord H. Howard [aged 44] (now to be made Earl of Norwich and Earl Marshal of England) to Sir Robert Clayton's [aged 43], now Sheriff of London, at his new house, where we had a great feast; it is built indeed for a great magistrate, at excessive cost. The cedar dining room is painted with the history of the Giants' War, incomparably done by Mr. Streeter [aged 51], but the figures are too near the eye.

In 1674 [his mother] Elizabeth Stewart Countess Arundel and Norfolk [aged 64] died.

In 1675 [his brother] Cardinal Philip Howard [aged 46] was appointed Cardinal by Pope Clement X [aged 84].

Around 1675 Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 46] and Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk [aged 32] were married. He the son of Henry Howard 15th or 22nd Earl of Arundel 5th Earl of Surrey 2nd Earl Norfolk and Elizabeth Stewart Countess Arundel and Norfolk.

In October 1676 [his son-in-law] George Gordon 1st Duke Gordon [aged 33] and Elizabeth Howard Duchess Gordon were married. She by marriage Marchioness Huntly. She the daughter of Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 48] and Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk [aged 33]. He the son of Lewis Gordon 3rd Marquess Huntly. They were third cousins.

On 8th August 1677 Henry Howard 7th Duke of Norfolk [aged 22] and Mary Mordaunt Duchess Norfolk [aged 18] were married. She the daughter of Henry Mordaunt 2nd Earl Peterborough [aged 55] and Penelope O'Brien Countess Peterborough [aged 55]. He the son of Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 49] and Anne Somerset Countess Norfolk. They were third cousin twice removed.

On 13th December 1677 Thomas Howard 5th Duke of Norfolk [aged 50] died in Padua unmarried. He had suffered mental disabilities all his life. His brother Henry [aged 49] succeeded 6th Duke Norfolk, 17th or 24th Earl Arundel, 7th Earl Surrey, 4th Earl Norfolk, 18th Baron Segrave, 19th Baron Strange Blackmere, 17th Baron Mowbray, 16th Baron Talbot, 15th Baron Furnivall, 14th Baron Maltravers, 14th Baron Arundel. Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk [aged 34] by marriage Duchess Norfolk. The marriage being so unpopular with his family they went abroad for some time.

John Evelyn's Diary. 23rd January 1678. Dined with the Duke of Norfolk [aged 49], being the first time I had seen him since the death of his elder brother, who died at Padua in Italy, where he had resided above thirty years. The Duke had now newly declared his marriage to his concubine [aged 35], whom he promised me he never would marry. I went with him to see the Duke of Buckingham [aged 49], thence to my Lord Sunderland [aged 36], now Secretary of State, to show him that rare piece of Vosterman's (son of old Vosterman), which was a view, or landscape of my Lord's palace, etc., at Althorpe [Map] in Northamptonshire.

John Evelyn's Diary. 23rd August 1678. Upon Sir Robert Reading's [aged 38] importunity, I went to visit the Duke of Norfolk [aged 50], at his new palace at Weybridge, where he has laid out in building near £10,000, on a copyhold, and in a miserable, barren, sandy place by the street side; never in my life had I seen such expense to so small purpose. The rooms are wainscotted, and some of them richly pargeted with cedar, yew, cypress, etc. There are some good pictures, especially that incomparable painting of Holbein's, where the Duke of Norfolk, Charles Brandon and Henry VIII., are dancing with the three ladies, with most amorous countenances, and sprightly motion exquisitely expressed. It is a thousand pities (as I told my Lord of Arundel [aged 23], his son), that that jewel should be given away.

John Evelyn's Diary. 25th August 1678. There was at Weybridge the [his wife] Duchess of Norfolk [aged 35], Lord Thomas Howard [aged 21] (a worthy and virtuous gentleman, with whom my son [aged 23] was sometime bred in Arundel House [Map]), who was newly come from Rome, where he had been some time; also one of the Duke's daughters, by his first lady. My Lord [aged 50] leading me about the house made no scruple of showing me all the hiding places for the Popish priests, and where they said mass, for he was no bigoted Papist. He told me he never trusted them with any secret, and used Protestants only in all businesses of importance.

John Evelyn's Diary. 25th August 1678. I went this evening with my Lord Duke [aged 50] to Windsor, Berkshire [Map], where was a magnificent Court, it being the first time of his Majesty's [aged 48] removing thither since it was repaired.

John Evelyn's Diary. 27th August 1678. I took leave of the Duke [aged 50], and dined at Mr. Henry Bruncker's [aged 51], at the Abbey of Sheene [Map], formerly a monastery of Carthusians, there yet remaining one of their solitary cells with a cross. Within this ample inclosure are several pretty villas and fine gardens of the most excellent fruits, especially Sir William Temple's (lately Ambassador into Holland), and the Lord Lisle's [aged 29], son to the Earl of Leicester [aged 59], who has divers rare pictures, above all, that of Sir Brian Tuke's, by Holbein.

John Evelyn's Diary. 29th August 1678. I was called to London to wait upon the Duke of Norfolk [aged 50], who having at my sole request bestowed the Arundelian Library on the Royal Society; sent to me to take charge of the books, and remove them, only stipulating that I would suffer the Herald's chief officer, Sir William Dugdale [aged 72], to have such of them as concerned heraldry and the marshal's office, books of armory and genealogies, the Duke being Earl Marshal of England. I procured for our Society, besides printed books, near one hundred MSS. some in Greek of great concernment. The printed books being of the oldest impressions, are not the less valuable; I esteem them almost equal to MSS. Among them, are most of the Fathers, printed at Basil, before the Jesuits abused them with their expurgatory Indexes; there is a noble MS. of Vitruvius. Many of these books had been presented by Popes, Cardinals, and great persons, to the Earls of Arundel and Dukes of Norfolk; and the late magnificent Earl of Arundel bought a noble library in Germany, which is in this collection. I should not, for the honor I bear the family, have persuaded the Duke to part with these, had I not seen how negligent he was of them, suffering the priests and everybody to carry away and dispose of what they pleased; so that abundance of rare things are irrecoverably gone.

John Evelyn's Diary. 9th May 1683. Dined at Sir Gabriel Sylvius's and thence to visit the Duke of Norfolk [aged 54], to ask whether he would part with any of his cartoons and other drawings of Raphael, and the great masters; he told me if he might sell them all together he would, but that the late Sir Peter Lely (our famous painter) had gotten some of his best. The person who desired me to treat for them was Vander Douse, grandson to that great scholar, contemporary and friend of Joseph Scaliger.

On 13th January 1684 Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk [aged 55] died. His son Henry [aged 29] succeeded 7th Duke Norfolk, 18th or 25th Earl Arundel, 8th Earl Surrey, 5th Earl Norfolk, 2nd Earl Norwich, 18th Baron Mowbray, 19th Baron Segrave, 16th Baron Furnivall, 20th Baron Strange Blackmere, 17th Baron Talbot, 15th Baron Maltravers, 15th Baron Arundel, 2nd Baron Howard of Castle Rising, Earl Marshal. Mary Mordaunt Duchess Norfolk [aged 25] by marriage Duchess Norfolk.

John Evelyn's Diary. 5th August 1687. I went to see Albury, now purchased by Mr. Finch [aged 38] (the King's Solicitor and son to the late Lord Chancellor); I found the garden which I first designed for the Duke of Norfolk, nothing improved.

On 28th August 1693 [his former wife] Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk [aged 50] died.

Before 1694 John Michael Wright [aged 76]. Portrait of Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk.

[his daughter] Elizabeth Howard Duchess Gordon was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk and Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk. She married October 1676 her third cousin George Gordon 1st Duke Gordon, son of Lewis Gordon 3rd Marquess Huntly, and had issue.

[his daughter] Catherine Howard was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk and Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk.

[his son] Frederick Henry Howard was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk and Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk.

[his son] James Howard was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk and Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk.

[his son] George Howard was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk and Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk. He married before 1721 Arabella Allen, daughter of Edmund Alleyn 2nd Baronet and Frances Gent Lady Allen.

[his daughter] Frances Howard was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk and Anne Somerset Countess Norfolk.

[his daughter] Philippa Howard was born to Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk and Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk.