The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Biography of Margaret Rolle Countess Orford 1709-1781

On 17th January 1709 Margaret Rolle Countess Orford was born to [her father] Samuel Rolle.

In 1717 [her father] Samuel Rolle died.

On 26th March 1724 Robert Walpole 2nd Earl Orford [aged 23] and Margaret Rolle Countess Orford [aged 15] were married. He the son of Robert Walpole 1st Earl Orford [aged 47] and Catherine Shorter [aged 42].

On 2nd April 1730 [her son] George Walpole 3rd Earl Orford was born to [her husband] Robert Walpole 2nd Earl Orford [aged 29] and Margaret Rolle Countess Orford [aged 21].

On 18th March 1745 [her father-in-law] Robert Walpole 1st Earl Orford [aged 68] died. His son [her husband] Robert [aged 44] succeeded 2nd Earl Orford. Margaret Rolle Countess Orford [aged 36] by marriage Countess Orford.

In 1751 Hugh Fortescue 1st Earl Clinton [aged 55] died unmarried. Earl Clinton extinct. His half brother Matthew [aged 32] succeeded 2nd Baron Fortescue of Castle Hill. Baron Clinton abeyant between his sister Margaret Fortescue and his second cousin Margaret Rolle Countess Orford [aged 41].

In 1751 Sewallis Shirley [aged 42] and Margaret Rolle Countess Orford [aged 41] were married. He the son of Robert Shirley 1st Earl Ferrers and Selina Finch Countess Ferrers [aged 69]. They were sixth cousins.

On 31st May 1751 [her husband] Robert Walpole 2nd Earl Orford [aged 50] died. His son George [aged 21] succeeded 3rd Earl Orford.

On 14th March 1760 Margaret Fortescue died unmarried. Her second cousin Margaret [aged 51] abeyance terminated 15th Baroness Clinton.

Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall

The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.

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In 1765 [her husband] Sewallis Shirley [aged 56] died.

On 13th January 1781 Margaret Rolle Countess Orford [aged 71] died. Her son George [aged 50] succeeded 16th Baron Clinton.

Letters of Horace Walpole. I now entirely credit all that my Lord Leicester and his family have said against Lady Mary Coke and her family1; and am convinced that it is impossible to marry any thing of the blood of Campbell, without having all her relations in arms to procure a separation immediately. Pray, what have I done? have I come home drunk to my wife within these four first days? or have I sat up gaming all night, and not come home at all to her, after her lady-mother had been persuaded that I was the soberest young nobleman in England, and had the greatest aversion to play'! Have I kept my bride awake all night with railing at her father, when all the world had allowed him to be one of the bravest officers in Europe? In short, in short, I have a mind to take COUNSEL, even of the wisest lawyer now living in matrimonial cases, my Lord Coke * * * If, like other Norfolk husbands, I must entertain the town with a formal parting, at least it shall be in my own way: my wife shall neither 'run to Italy after lovers and books306, nor keep a dormitory in her dressing-room at Whitehall for Westminster schoolboys, your Frederick Campbells, and such like.307 nor 'yet shall she reside at her mother's house, but shall absolutely set out for Strawberry Hill in two or three days, as soon as her room can be well aired; for, to give her her due, I don't think her to blame, but flatter myself she is quite contented with the easy footing we live upon; separate beds, dining in her dressing-room when she is out of humour, and a little toad-eater that I had got for her, and whose pockets and bosom I have never examined, to see if' she brought any billets-doux from Tommy Lyttelton or any of her fellows. I shall follow her myself in less than a fortnight; and if her family don't give me any more trouble,-why, who knows but at your return you may find your daughter with qualms and in a sack? If you should happen to want to know any more particulars, she is quite well, has walked in the park every morning, or has the chariot, as she chooses; and, in short, one would think that I or she were much older than we really are, for I grow excessively fond of her.308

Note 305. Now first published.

Note 306. Alluding to the wife of his eldest brother, Lord Walpole, Margaret Rolle, who had separated Herself from her husband, and resided in Italy.-E.

Note 307. Lady Townshend.-E.

Note 308. All this letter refers to Ann Seymour Conway, then three years old, who had been left with her nurse at Mr. Walpole's, during an absence of her father and mother in Ireland.-E.

Note 1. Mary Campbell had married Edward Coke son of Thomas William Coke 1st Earl of Leicester.

Royal Ancestors of Margaret Rolle Countess Orford 1709-1781

Kings Wessex: Great x 20 Grand Daughter of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 17 Grand Daughter of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 23 Grand Daughter of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 18 Grand Daughter of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings Godwinson: Great x 21 Grand Daughter of King Harold II of England

Kings England: Great x 11 Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Kings Scotland: Great x 19 Grand Daughter of King Duncan I of Scotland

Kings Franks: Great x 27 Grand Daughter of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Kings France: Great x 21 Grand Daughter of Hugh I King of the Franks

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 24 Grand Daughter of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Ancestors of Margaret Rolle Countess Orford 1709-1781

Great x 2 Grandfather: Robert Rolle of Heanton

Great x 1 Grandfather: Samuel Rolle of Heanton in Devon

GrandFather: Robert Rolle

Father: Samuel Rolle 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Clinton 1st Earl Lincoln 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Henry Clinton 2nd Earl Lincoln 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Ursula Stourton Baroness Clinton 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: Thomas Clinton 3rd Earl Lincoln 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Francis Hastings 2nd Earl Huntingdon 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Catherine Hastings Countess Lincoln 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine Pole Countess Huntingdon 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: Theophilus Clinton 4th Earl Lincoln 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Knyvet of Charlton Wiltshire 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Henry Knyvet 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Pickering 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Elizabeth Knyvet Countess Lincoln 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Stumpe

GrandMother: Arabella Clinton 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Richard Fiennes 6th Baron Saye and Sele 14 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Richard Fiennes 7th Baron Saye and Sele 15 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England

Great x 2 Grandfather: William Fiennes 1st Viscount Saye and Sele 16 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Kingsmill of Sydmonton in Hampshire

Great x 3 Grandmother: Constance Kingsmill Baroness Saye and Sele

Great x 1 Grandmother: Bridget Fiennes Countess Lincoln 17 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England

Margaret Rolle Countess Orford 11 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England