Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
Avebury Carbon Dates is in Avebury Henge and Stones [Map].
Carbon Date. 3995BC. Early Neolithic Carbon Dates
Report: Fractions of cut sod in secondary construction at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Comment (lab): NaOH - soluble portion of SI-910A. Fractions taken to test feasibility of dating sod/turf.
ID: 3877, C14 ID: SI-910AH Date BP: 5995 +/- 185, Start Date BP: 5810, End BP: 6180
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2675BC. Late Neolithic Carbon Dates
Report: Fractions of cut sod in secondary construction at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Comment (lab): organic matter of 2 mm size. Fractions taken to test feasibility of dating sod/turf.
ID: 3878, C14 ID: SI-910A Date BP: 4675 +/- 110, Start Date BP: 4565, End BP: 4785
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2640BC. Late Neolithic Carbon Dates
Report: Bone, AML 831778, id as animal, from old land surface under bank of henge (NW quadrant, cutting II) at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1985. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8807, C14 ID: HAR-10325 Date BP: 4640 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 4570, End BP: 4710
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: M Pitts 1982
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2640BC. Late Neolithic Carbon Dates
Report: animal bone; from the old land surface under the henge bank; north-west sector, trench 2, LZ. Excavated in 1982 (Evans et al 1985).
ID: 15117, C14 ID: HAR 10325 Date BP: 4640 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 4710, End BP: 4570
Abstract: Avebury; 1984-85
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2570BC. Late Neolithic Carbon Dates
Report: Fractions of cut sod in secondary construction at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Comment (lab): organic matter from 0.5 to 1 mm size. Fractions taken to test feasibility of dating sod/turf.
ID: 3879, C14 ID: SI-910C Date BP: 4570 +/- 120, Start Date BP: 4450, End BP: 4690
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2530BC. Late Neolithic Carbon Dates
Report: Fractions of cut sod in secondary construction at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Comment (lab): organic matter smaller than 0.5 mm. Fractions taken to test feasibility of dating sod/turf.
ID: 3880, C14 ID: SI-910D Date BP: 4530 +/- 110, Start Date BP: 4420, End BP: 4640
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2465BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Fractions of cut sod in secondary construction at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Comment (lab): NaOH - soluble portion of SI-910C. Fractions taken to test feasibility of dating sod/turf.
ID: 3881, C14 ID: SI-910CH Date BP: 4465 +/- 130, Start Date BP: 4335, End BP: 4595
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2380BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: charcoal; from the old land surface under the henge bank; south-east sector, cutting X. Excavated by Gray in 1914 (Gray 1935).
ID: 15115, C14 ID: HAR 10063 Date BP: 4380 +/- 80, Start Date BP: 4460, End BP: 4300
Abstract: Avebury; 1984-85
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2380BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Charcoal, AML 822624, from old land surface under henge bank (SE quadrant Cutting X) at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1987. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8805, C14 ID: HAR-10063 Date BP: 4380 +/- 80, Start Date BP: 4300, End BP: 4460
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: H St George Gray 1914
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
This is a translation of the 'Memoires of Jacques du Clercq', published in 1823 in two volumes, edited by Frederic, Baron de Reissenberg. In his introduction Reissenberg writes: 'Jacques du Clercq tells us that he was born in 1424, and that he was a licentiate in law and a counsellor to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in the castellany of Douai, Lille, and Orchies. It appears that he established his residence at Arras. In 1446, he married the daughter of Baldwin de la Lacherie, a gentleman who lived in Lille. We read in the fifth book of his Memoirs that his father, also named Jacques du Clercq, had married a lady of the Le Camelin family, from Compiègne. His ancestors, always attached to the counts of Flanders, had constantly served them, whether in their councils or in their armies.' The Memoires cover a period of nineteen years beginning in in 1448, ending in in 1467. It appears that the author had intended to extend the Memoirs beyond that date; no doubt illness or death prevented him from carrying out this plan. As Reissenberg writes the 'merit of this work lies in the simplicity of its narrative, in its tone of good faith, and in a certain air of frankness which naturally wins the reader’s confidence.' Du Clercq ranges from events of national and international importance, including events of the Wars of the Roses in England, to simple, everyday local events such as marriages, robberies, murders, trials and deaths, including that of his own father in Book 5; one of his last entries.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
Carbon Date. 2315BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Fractions of cut sod in secondary construction at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Comment (lab): organic matter from 1 to 2 mm size. Fractions taken to test feasibility of dating sod/turf.
ID: 3882, C14 ID: SI-910B Date BP: 4315 +/- 110, Start Date BP: 4205, End BP: 4425
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2300BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler pick, AML 831780, from primary fill of henge ditch W of S entrance (Cutting I) at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1985. Comment (subm): at face value, slightly earlier than Durrington Walls and Mount Pleasant. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8810, C14 ID: HAR-10502 Date BP: 4300 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 4210, End BP: 4390
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: H St George Gray 1909
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2300BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: antler; from the primary fill of the henge ditch, west of the south causeway; gray cutting I. Excavated by Gray in 1909, find no. 136, (Gray 1935).
ID: 15122, C14 ID: HAR 10502 Date BP: 4300 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 4390, End BP: 4210
Abstract: Avebury; 1985-86
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2190BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Charcoal, AML 831777, AV2, id as Crataegus sp, Aesculus sp and Corylus, from old land surface under henge bank at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1985. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8812, C14 ID: HAR-10500 Date BP: 4190 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 4100, End BP: 4280
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: A Keiller (age 48) 1938
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2190BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: charcoal; from the old land surface under the henge bank; south-west sector behind stone 14 (excavated by Keiller in 1938 (Smith 1965)).
ID: 15120, C14 ID: HAR 10500 Date BP: 4190 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 4280, End BP: 4100
Abstract: Avebury; 1985-86
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2160BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: antler; from the bank make-up of the henge, above a supposed revetment trench. Excavated by Keiller in 1937 (Smith 1965).
ID: 15118, C14 ID: HAR 10326 Date BP: 4160 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 4250, End BP: 4070
Abstract: Avebury; 1984-85
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2160BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, AML 831779, id as red deer, from above bank of henge (NW quadrant) above possible revetment trench at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1987. Comment (subm): dates possible extension to bank, compatible with HAR-10502. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8808, C14 ID: HAR-10326 Date BP: 4160 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 4070, End BP: 4250
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: A Keiller (age 47) 1937
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2130BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: charcoal; from the bottom of stonehole 41 of the outer stone circle, north-west quadrant. Excavated by Keiller in 1937 (Smith 1965).
ID: 15114, C14 ID: HAR 10062 Date BP: 4130 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 4220, End BP: 4040
Abstract: Avebury; 1984-85
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2130BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Charcoal, AML 831784, from bottom of Stonehole 41 of main stone circle (NW quadrant) at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1987. Comment (subm): perhaps less reliable than HAR-103276 on bone. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8804, C14 ID: HAR-10062 Date BP: 4130 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 4040, End BP: 4220
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: A Keiller (age 47) 1937
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2095BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Wood, id as hazel and other plant remains, from core of primary mound at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England.
ID: 3871, C14 ID: I-4136 Date BP: 4095 +/- 95, Start Date BP: 4000, End BP: 4190
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
This is a translation of the 'Memoires of Jacques du Clercq', published in 1823 in two volumes, edited by Frederic, Baron de Reissenberg. In his introduction Reissenberg writes: 'Jacques du Clercq tells us that he was born in 1424, and that he was a licentiate in law and a counsellor to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in the castellany of Douai, Lille, and Orchies. It appears that he established his residence at Arras. In 1446, he married the daughter of Baldwin de la Lacherie, a gentleman who lived in Lille. We read in the fifth book of his Memoirs that his father, also named Jacques du Clercq, had married a lady of the Le Camelin family, from Compiègne. His ancestors, always attached to the counts of Flanders, had constantly served them, whether in their councils or in their armies.' The Memoires cover a period of nineteen years beginning in in 1448, ending in in 1467. It appears that the author had intended to extend the Memoirs beyond that date; no doubt illness or death prevented him from carrying out this plan. As Reissenberg writes the 'merit of this work lies in the simplicity of its narrative, in its tone of good faith, and in a certain air of frankness which naturally wins the reader’s confidence.' Du Clercq ranges from events of national and international importance, including events of the Wars of the Roses in England, to simple, everyday local events such as marriages, robberies, murders, trials and deaths, including that of his own father in Book 5; one of his last entries.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
Carbon Date. 1870BC. Middle Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Bone, AML 831783, id as pig, from bottom of Stonehole 44 of main stone circle (NW quadrant) at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1987. Comment (subm): perhaps more reliable than HAR-10062 on charcoal. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8813, C14 ID: HAR-10327 Date BP: 3870 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 3780, End BP: 3960
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: A Keiller (age 47) 1937
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1870BC. Middle Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: animal bone; from the bottom of stonehole 44 of the outer stone circle, north-west quadrant. Excavated by Keiller in 1937 (Smith 1965).
ID: 15119, C14 ID: HAR 10327 Date BP: 3870 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 3960, End BP: 3780
Abstract: Avebury; 1984-85
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1849BC. Middle Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Collagen, id as red deer antler, from ditch bottom at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England.
ID: 3888, C14 ID: BM-842 Date BP: 3849 +/- 43, Start Date BP: 3806, End BP: 3892
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: H Atkinson
Reference Name: Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14; Antiquity, 65, 1991, 261
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1752BC. Middle Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Collagen, id as red deer antler, from ditch bottom at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England.
ID: 3889, C14 ID: BM-841 Date BP: 3752 +/- 50, Start Date BP: 3702, End BP: 3802
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: H Atkinson
Reference Name: Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14; Antiquity, 65, 1991, 261
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1690BC. Middle Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: charcoal; from a deposit of burnt material beneath a 'dwarf' burial in the secondary fill of the henge ditch, 1.8 - 2.1m below the modern surface of the ditch; from the south-east quadrant east of the south entrance. Excavated by Gray in 1914, cutting IX, find no. 247h (Gray 1935).
ID: 15116, C14 ID: HAR 10064 Date BP: 3690 +/- 80, Start Date BP: 3770, End BP: 3610
Abstract: Avebury; 1984-85
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1690BC. Middle Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Charcoal, AML 822623, from deposit of burnt material beneath 'dwarf' burial in secondary fill of ditch (c 2 below modern surface) in terminal of ditch E of S entrance (Cutting IX) at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1987. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8806, C14 ID: HAR-10064 Date BP: 3690 +/- 80, Start Date BP: 3610, End BP: 3770
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: H St George Gray 1914
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 750BC. Early Iron Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, id as mixed fragments, from excavations of 1867 and 1922 at Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire, England.
ID: 3872, C14 ID: I-2795 Date BP: 2750 +/- 100, Start Date BP: 2650, End BP: 2850
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 100, OS North: 685
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 15, 1973, 400-1; Radiocarbon, 18, 1976, 38; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 259-62; Antiquity, 43, 1969, 216; Antiquity, 44, 1970, 313-14
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 430BC. Middle Iron Age Carbon Dates
Report: charcoal; from stakeholes on the edge of stonehole 8 of the outer stone circle, south-west quadrant. Excavated by Keiller in 1938 (Smith 1965).
ID: 15113, C14 ID: HAR 10061 Date BP: 2430 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 2500, End BP: 2360
Abstract: Avebury; 1984-85
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 430BC. Middle Iron Age Carbon Dates
Report: Charcoal, AML 831785, from stakehole on edge of Stonehole 8 of main stone circle (SW quadrant) at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1987. Comment (subm): must be rejected as intrusive. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8803, C14 ID: HAR-10061 Date BP: 2430 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 2360, End BP: 2500
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: A Keiller (age 48) 1938
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965)
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 80BC. Middle Iron Age Carbon Dates
Report: charcoal; from ash layer in stonehole 44 of the outer stone circle, north-west quadrant. Excavated by Keiller in 1937 (Smith 1965).
ID: 15125, C14 ID: HAR 9696 Date BP: 2080 +/- 110, Start Date BP: 2190, End BP: 1970
Abstract: Avebury; 1984-85
Reference Name: Bayliss, A, Hedges, R, Otlet, R, Switsur, R, and Walker, J 2012 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage between 1981 and 1988', Swindon: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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Carbon Date. 80BC. Middle Iron Age Carbon Dates
Report: Charcoal, ref CIRCLE 10, from ash layer in Stonehole 44 of main stone circle (NW quadrant) at Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Subm M Pitts 1985. Comment (subm): must be rejected as intrusive. [Ed: NGR not given, estimated only.]
ID: 8814, C14 ID: HAR-9696 Date BP: 2080 +/- 110, Start Date BP: 1970, End BP: 2190
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 9, OS North: 69
Archaeologist Name: A Keiller (age 47) 1937
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 34, 1992, 61-2; Proc Prehist Soc, 58, 1992, 203-12; Archaeologia, 84, 1935, 99-162; Smith I, 'Windmill Hill and Avebury' (Oxford, 1965
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 800. Early Medieval
Report: grain; from a pit (1.1m deep, 1.51m x 1.0m across the oval top) containing carbonised grain, probably originally in a basket. This pit was 3m outside the foot of the bank of the Avebury henge monument, on the south-west side, and cut through the first layer of soil rainwashed off the bank, but was covered by a second layer of rainwash, and then by thick topsoil. The estimated date of the bank is between 2500 and 2000 BC.
ID: 15126, C14 ID: HAR 1696 Date BP: 1200 +/- 80, Start Date BP: 1280, End BP: 1120
Abstract: Avebury: School Site; 1976-77
Reference Name: Jordan, D, Haddon-Reece, D, Bayliss, A 1994 'Radiocarbon dates: from samples funded by English Heritage and dated before 1981', London: English Heritage
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767