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The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Oldham War Memorial, Lancashire, North-West England, British Isles

Oldham War Memorial is in Oldham, Lancashire.

Oldham War Memorial was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton on 28th April 1923, before a crowd estimated at over 10,000, and dedicated by the Bishop of Manchester, William Temple. It was sculpted by Albert Toft (age 60) in 1922. The memorial comprises a bronze group sculpture of five life-size soldiers in full battle dress and carrying their weapons, mounted on top of a 3-metre granite plinth. The sculpture originally faced the church but was subsequently rotated 180 degrees to face towards the town hall rather than the church.

War Memorial Plaques, Oldham War Memorial, Lancashire, North-West England, British Isles

Oldham War Memorial has a number of plaques sorrounding commemorating various regiments and events including the M62 Coach Bombing.

War Memorial Roll of Honour, Oldham War Memorial, Lancashire, North-West England, British Isles

The pedestal on which the Old War Memorial sits contains the Roll of Honour which appears to be changed daily.