Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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Paternal Family Tree: Capet
Maternal Family Tree: Gersenda II Sabran Countess Provence 1180-1242
In 1615 [his father] Louis XIII King France [aged 13] and [his mother] Anne of Austria Spain Queen Consort France [aged 13] were married. She by marriage Queen Consort of France. She the daughter of [his grandfather] Philip III King Spain [aged 36] and [his grandmother] Margaret of Austria Queen Consort Spain. He the son of Henry IV King France and Marie de Medici Queen Consort France [aged 39]. They were second cousins.
On 5th September 1638 Louis "Sun King" XIV King France was born to [his father] Louis XIII King France [aged 36] and [his mother] Anne of Austria Spain Queen Consort France [aged 36]. Coefficient of inbreeding 4.44%.
On 14th May 1643 [his father] Louis XIII King France [aged 41] died. His son Louis [aged 4] succeeded XIV King France: Capet Valois Bourbon.
John Evelyn's Diary. 5th December 1643. The Earl of Norwich [aged 58] came as Ambassador extraordinary: I went to meet him in a coach and six horses, at the palace of Monsieur de Bassompière, where I saw that gallant person, his gardens, terraces, and rare prospects. My lord was waited on by the master of the ceremonies, and a very great cavalcade of men of quality, to the Palais Cardinal, where on the 23d he had audience of the French king [aged 5], and the queen Regent his mother [aged 42], in the golden chamber of presence. From thence, I conducted him to his lodgings in Rue St. Denis, and so took my leave.
Memoirs of Jean Francois Paul de Gondi Cardinal de Retz Book 1. On the 12th of February [1649] a herald came with two trumpeters from the Court to one of the city gates, bringing three packets of letters, one for the Parliament, one for the Prince de Conti [aged 19], and the third for the Hotel de Ville. It was but the night before that a person was caught in the halls dropping libels against the Parliament and me; upon which the Parliament, Princes, and city supposed that this State visit was nothing but an amusement of Cardinal Mazarin to cover a worse design, and therefore resolved not to receive the message nor give the herald audience, but to send the King's [aged 10] Council to the [his future wife] Queen [aged 10] to represent to her that their refusal was out of pure obedience and respect, because heralds are never sent but to sovereign Princes or public enemies, and that the Parliament, the Prince de Conti, and the city were neither the one nor the other. At the same time the Chevalier de Lavalette, who distributed the libels, had formed a design to kill me and M. de Beaufort [aged 33] upon the Parliament stairs in the great crowd which they expected would attend the appearance of the herald. The Court, indeed, always denied his having any other commission than to drop the libels, but I am certain that the Bishop of Dole told the Bishop of Aire, but a night or two before, that Beaufort and I should not be among the living three days hence.
The King's councillors returned with a report how kindly they had been received at Saint Germain. They said the Queen highly approved of the reasons offered by the Parliament for refusing entrance to the herald, and that she had assured them that, though she could not side with the Parliament in the present state of affairs, yet she received with joy the assurances they had given her of their respect and submission, and that she would distinguish them in general and in particular by special marks of her good-will. Talon, Attorney-General, who always spoke with dignity and force, embellished this answer of the Queen with all the ornaments he could give it, assuring the Parliament in very pathetic terms that, if they should be pleased to send a deputation to Saint Germain, it would be very kindly received, and might, perhaps, be a great step towards a peace.
When I saw that we were besieged, that the Cardinal had sent a person into Flanders to treat with the Spaniards, and that our party was now so well formed that there was no danger that I alone should be charged with courting the alliance of the enemies of the State, I hesitated no longer, but judged that, as affairs stood, I might with honour hear what proposals the Spaniards would make to me for the relief of Paris; but I took care not to have my name mentioned, and that the first overtures should be made to M. d'Elbeuf, who was the fittest person, because during the ministry of Cardinal de Richelieu he was twelve or fifteen years in Flanders a pensioner of Spain. Accordingly Arnolfi, a Bernardin friar, was sent from the Archduke Leopold, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands for the King of Spain, to the Duc d'Elbeuf, who, upon sight of his credentials, thought himself the most considerable man of the party, invited most of us to dinner, and told us he had a very important matter to lay before us, but that such was his tenderness for the French name that he could not open so much as a small letter from a suspected quarter, which, after some scrupulous and mysterious circumlocutions, he ventured to name, and we agreed one and all not to refuse the succours from Spain, but the great difficulty was, which way to get them. Fuensaldagne, the general, was inclined to join us if he could have been sure that we would engage with him; but as there was no possibility of the Parliaments treating with him, nor any dependence to be placed upon the generals, some of whom were wavering and whimsical, Madame de Bouillon pressed me not to hesitate any longer, but to join with her husband, adding that if he and I united, we should so far overmatch the others that it would not be in their power to injure us.
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John Evelyn's Diary. 19th August 1649. I went to salute the French King [aged 10] and the [his mother] Queen Dowager [aged 47]; and, on the 21st, returned in one of the Queen's coaches with my Lord Germain, Duke of Buckingham [aged 21], Lord Wentworth [aged 37], and Mr. Croftes [aged 38], since Lord Croftes.
John Evelyn's Diary. 6th May 1651. I attended the ambassador to a masque at Court, where the French King [aged 12] in person danced five entries, but being engaged in discourse, and better entertained with one of the [his mother] Queen-Regent's [aged 49] secretaries, I soon left the entertainment.
Note. The "Ballet du Roy aux festes de Bacchus" i.e. "The King's Ballet at the Festivals of Bacchus" was performed by Louis "Sun King" XIV King France on the 2nd May 1651 with his close companions, and professional dancers at the Palais-Cardinal, the Richelieu residence on rue Saint-Honoré.
John Evelyn's Diary. 7th September 1651. I went to visit Mr. Hobbes [aged 63], the famous philosopher of Malmesbury, Wiltshire [Map], with whom I had long acquaintance. From his window we saw the whole equipage and glorious cavalcade of the young French Monarch, Louis XIV [aged 13], passing to Parliament, when first he took the kingly government on him, now being in his 14th year, out of his minority and the [his mother] Queen Regent's [aged 49] pupilage. First came the captain of the King's Aids, at the head of 50, richly liveried; next, the Queen-Mother's Light Horse, 100, the lieutenant being all over covered with embroidery and ribbons, having before him four trumpets habited in black velvet, full of lace, and casques of the same. Then, the King's Light Horse, 200, richly habited, with four trumpets in blue velvet embroidered with gold, before whom rode the Count d'Olonne coronet [cornet], whose belt was set with pearl. Next went the grand Prévôt's company on foot, with the Prévôt on horseback; after them, the Swiss in black velvet toques, led by two gallant cavaliers habited in scarlet-colored satin, after their country fashion, which is very fantastic; he had in his cap a pennach of heron, with a band of diamonds, and about him twelve little Swiss boys, with halberds. Then, came the Aide des Cérémonies; next, the grandees of court, governors of places and lieutenants-general of provinces, magnificently habited and mounted; among whom I must not forget the Chevalier Paul, famous for many sea-fights and signal exploits there, because it is said he had never been an Academist, and yet governed a very unruly horse, and besides his rich suit his Malta Cross was esteemed at 10,000 crowns. These were headed by two trumpets, and the whole troop, covered with gold, jewels, and rich caparisons, were followed by six trumpets in blue velvet also, preceding as many heralds in blue velvet semée with fleurs-de-lis, caduces in their hands, and velvet caps on their heads; behind them, came one of the masters of the ceremonies; then, divers marshals and many of the nobility, exceeding splendid; behind them Count d'Harcourt, grand Ecuyer, alone, carrying the King's sword in a scarf, which he held up in a blue sheath studded with fleurs-de-lis; his horse had for reins two scarfs of black taffeta.
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John Evelyn's Diary. 15th September 1651. I accompanied Sir Richard Browne [aged 46], my father-in-law, to the French Court, when he had a favorable audience of the French King [aged 13], and the Queen [aged 49], his mother; congratulating the one on his coming to the exercise of his royal charge, and the other's prudent and happy administration during her late regency, desiring both to preserve the same amity for his master, our King, as they had hitherto done, which they both promised, with many civil expressions and words of course upon such occasions. We were accompanied both going and returning by the Introductor of Ambassadors and Aid of Ceremonies. I also saw the audience of Morosini, the Ambassador of Venice, and divers other Ministers of State from German Princes, Savoy, etc. Afterward I took a walk in the King's gardens, where I observed that the mall goes the whole square there of next the wall, and bends with an angle so made as to glance the wall; the angle is of stone. There is a basin at the end of the garden fed by a noble fountain and high jetto. There were in it two or three boats, in which the King now and then rows about. In another part is a complete fort, made with bastions, graft, half-moons, ravelins, and furnished with great guns cast on purpose to instruct the King in fortification.
In 1660 Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 21] and Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 21] were married. She by marriage Queen Consort of France. She the daughter of Philip IV King Spain [aged 54] and Elisabeth Bourbon Queen Consort Spain. He the son of Louis XIII King France and Anne of Austria Spain Queen Consort France [aged 58]. They were double first cousins.
On 31st March 1661 [his brother] Philip Bourbon I Duke Orléans [aged 20] and [his sister-in-law] Princess Henrietta Stewart Duchess Orléans [aged 16] were married. She by marriage Duchess Orléans. She the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and [his aunt] Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England [aged 51]. He the son of [his father] Louis XIII King France and [his mother] Anne of Austria Spain Queen Consort France [aged 59]. They were first cousins.
On 1st November 1661 [his son] Louis "Le Grand Dauphin" Bourbon Duke Burgundy was born to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 23] and [his wife] Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 23] at Palace of Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau, Seine et Marne. Coefficient of inbreeding 17.28%. He married 7th March 1680 his third cousin Maria Anna Victoria Wittelsbach Duchess Burgundy and had issue.
Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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On 1st November 1661 [his brother-in-law] Philip Prospero Habsburg Spain Prince Asturias [aged 3] died.
In 1662 King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 31] sold Dunkirk to his cousin Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 23] for around £375,000.
On 18th November 1662 [his daughter] Anne Élisabeth Bourbon was born to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 24] and [his wife] Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 24]. Coefficient of inbreeding 17.28%. She died aged less than one years old.
On 30th December 1662 [his daughter] Anne Élisabeth Bourbon died.
On 16th November 1664 [his daughter] Marie Anne Bourbon was born to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 26] and [his wife] Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 26]. Coefficient of inbreeding 17.28%. She died aged less than one years old.
On 26th December 1664 [his daughter] Marie Anne Bourbon died.
On 17th September 1665 [his uncle] Philip IV King Spain [aged 60] died. His son [his brother-in-law] Charles [aged 3] succeeded II King Spain.
In 1666 Leopold Habsburg Spain I Holy Roman Emperor [aged 25] and [his sister-in-law] Margaret Theresa Habsburg Holy Roman Empress [aged 14] were married. She by marriage Holy Roman Empress. She the daughter of [his uncle] Philip IV King Spain and Mariana of Austria Queen Consort Spain [aged 31]. He the son of Ferdinand III Holy Roman Emperor and [his aunt] Maria Anna of Spain Holy Roman Empress. They were uncle and niece.
On 20th January 1666 [his mother] Anne of Austria Spain Queen Consort France [aged 64] died.
On 2nd October 1666 [his illegitimate daughter] Marie Anne Bourbon was born illegitimately to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 28] and Louise de La Vallière [aged 22].
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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On 2nd January 1667 [his daughter] Marie Thérèse Bourbon was born to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 28] and [his wife] Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 28]. Coefficient of inbreeding 17.28%. She died aged five in 1672.
On 5th August 1668 [his son] Philippe Charles Bourbon was born to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 29] and [his wife] Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 29]. Coefficient of inbreeding 17.28%. He died aged two in 1671.
On 31st March 1670 [his illegitimate son] Louis Auguste Bourbon Duke Maine was born illegitimately to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 31] and Françoise Athénaïs Marquise Montespan [aged 29].
John Evelyn's Diary. 2nd May 1671. The French King [aged 32], being now with a great army of 28,000 men about Dunkirk, divers of the grandees of that Court, and a vast number of gentlemen and cadets, in fantastical habits, came flocking over to see our Court and compliment his Majesty [aged 40]. I was present, when they first were conducted into the Queen's [aged 32] withdrawing-room, where saluted their Majesties the Dukes of Guise [Note. Possibly Henri Jules Bourbon Condé Prince Condé [aged 27] who ], Longueville, and many others of the first rank.
On 10th July 1671 [his son] Philippe Charles Bourbon [aged 2] died.
On 16th November 1671 [his brother] Philip Bourbon I Duke Orléans [aged 31] and [his sister-in-law] Elizabeth Charlotte Palatinate Simmern Duchess Orléans [aged 19] were married. She by marriage Duchess Orléans. He the son of [his father] Louis XIII King France and [his mother] Anne of Austria Spain Queen Consort France. They were half fourth cousin twice removed. She a great granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 1st March 1672 [his daughter] Marie Thérèse Bourbon [aged 5] died.
On 14th June 1672 [his son] Louis François Bourbon was born to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 33] and [his wife] Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 33]. Coefficient of inbreeding 17.28%. He died aged less than one years old.
On 4th November 1672 [his son] Louis François Bourbon died.
On 12th March 1673 [his sister-in-law] Margaret Theresa Habsburg Holy Roman Empress [aged 21] died.
On 1st June 1673 [his illegitimate daughter] Louise Françoise Bourbon was born illegitimately to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 34] and Françoise Athénaïs Marquise Montespan [aged 32].
On 9th February 1677 [his illegitimate daughter] Françoise Marie Bourbon Duchess Orléans was born illegitimately to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 38] and Françoise Athénaïs Marquise Montespan [aged 36].
Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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On 6th June 1678 [his illegitimate son] Louis Alexandre Count of Toulouse was born illegitimately to Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 39] and Françoise Athénaïs Marquise Montespan [aged 37].
In November 1679 [his brother-in-law] King Charles "Bewitched" II of Spain [aged 17] and [his niece] Marie Louise Bourbon Queen Consort Spain [aged 17] were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Spain. She the daughter of Philip Bourbon I Duke Orléans [aged 39] and Princess Henrietta Stewart Duchess Orléans [aged 35]. He the son of Philip IV King Spain and Mariana of Austria Queen Consort Spain [aged 44]. They were first cousin once removed. She a granddaughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.
On 17th December 1679 [his illegitimate brother-in-law] John "The Younger" Habsburg Spain [aged 50] died.
On 7th March 1680 Louis "Le Grand Dauphin" Bourbon Duke Burgundy [aged 18] and Maria Anna Victoria Wittelsbach Duchess Burgundy [aged 19] were married. She by marriage Duchess Burgundy. He the son of Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 41] and Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 41]. They were third cousins.
On 30th July 1683 [his wife] Maria Theresa of Spain Queen Consort France [aged 44] died.
John Evelyn's Diary. 5th May 1686. There being a Seale It was fear'd we should be requir'd to passe a doquett dispensing with Dr Obadiah Walker [aged 70] and four more, whereof one was an apostate curate of Putney, ye others officers of University College, Oxford, to hold their masterships, fellowships, and cures, and keepe publiq schooles, and enjoy all former emoluments, notwithstanding they no more frequented or us'd the public formes of prayers or communion with ye Church of England, or took ye test and oathes of allegiance and supremacy, contrary to 20 Acts of Parliament; which dispensation being also contrary to his Ma*'s [aged 52] owne gracious declaration at ye beginning of his reigne, gave umbrage (as well it might) to every good Protestant, nor could we safely have pass'd it under the Privy Seale, wherefore it was done by immediate warrant, sign'd by Mr. Solicitor. This Walker was a learned person, of a monkish life, to whose tuition I had more than 30 yeares since recommended the sonns of my worthy friend Mr. Hyldyard of Horsly in Surrey, believing him to be far from what he prov'd, an hypocritical conceal'd Papist, by wch he perverted the eldest sonn of Mr. Hyldyard, Sr Edwd Hale's [aged 41] eldest sonn, and severall more, to the greate disturbance of the whole Nation, as well as of the University, as by his now publiq defection appear'd. All engines being now at work to bring in Popery, wch God in mercy prevent! This day was burnt in the old Exchange, by the common hangman, a translation of a booke written by ye famous Monsr Claude, relating onely matters of fact concerning the horrid massacres and barbarous proceedings of ye French King [aged 47] against his Protestant subjects, without any refutation of any facts therein; so mighty a power and ascendant here had the French Ambass', who was doubtlesse in greate indignation at the pious and truly generous charity of all the Nation, for ye reliefe of those miserable sufferers who came over for shelter. About this time also the Duke of Savoy [aged 19], instigated by ye French King to extirpate the Protestants of Piedmont, slew many thousands of those innocent people, so that there seem'd to be an universal designe to destroy all that would not go to masse, throughout Europe. Quod avertat D. O. M! No faith in Princes!
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John Evelyn's Diary. 6th July 1686. I supp'd with the Countesse of Rochester [aged 40], where was also the Dutchesse of Buckingham [aged 47] and Madame de Governe, whose daughter [aged 20] was married to ye Marquess of Halifax's [aged 52] sonn. She made me a character of ye French King [aged 47] and [his son] Dauphin [aged 24], and of ye persecution. That they kept much of the cruelties from the King's knowledge; that the Dauphin was so afraid of his father, that he durst not let any thing appeare of his sentiments; that he hated letters and priests, spent all his time in hunting, and seem'd to take no notice of what was passing.
John Evelyn's Diary. 8th March 1689. The King [aged 55] abroad was now furnished by the French King [aged 50] with money and officers for an expedition to Ireland. The great neglect in not more timely preventing that from hence, and the disturbances in Scotland, give apprehensions of great difficulties, before any settlement can be perfected here, while the Parliament dispose of the great offices among themselves. The Great Seal, Treasury and Admiralty put into commission of many unexpected persons, to gratify the more; so that by the present appearance of things (unless God Almighty graciously interpose and give success in Ireland and settle Scotland) more trouble seems to threaten the nation than could be expected. In the interim, the new King refers all to the Parliament in the most popular manner, but is very slow in providing against all these menaces, besides finding difficulties in raising men to send abroad; the former army, which had never seen any service hitherto, receiving their pay and passing their summer in an idle scene of a camp at Hounslow, unwilling to engage, and many disaffected, and scarce to be trusted.
John Evelyn's Diary. 12th April 1689. King James [aged 55] was now certainly in Ireland with the Marshal d'Estrades, whom he made a Privy Councillor; and who caused the King to remove the Protestant Councillors, some whereof, it seems, had continued to sit, telling him that the King of France [aged 50], his master, would never assist him if he did not immediately do it; by which it is apparent how the poor Prince is managed by the French.
John Evelyn's Diary. 7th June 1689. I visited the Archbishop of Canterbury [aged 72], and stayed with him till about seven o'clock. He read to me the Pope's excommunication of the French King [aged 50].
On 18th February 1692 [his son-in-law] Philippe Bourbon II Duke Orléans [aged 17] and [his illegitimate daughter] Françoise Marie Bourbon Duchess Orléans [aged 15] were married at Palace of Versailles, Versailles. She by marriage Duchess Orléans. She the illegitmate daughter of Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 53] and Françoise Athénaïs Marquise Montespan [aged 51]. He the son of [his brother] Philip Bourbon I Duke Orléans [aged 51] and [his sister-in-law] Elizabeth Charlotte Palatinate Simmern Duchess Orléans [aged 39]. They were first cousins. He a great x 2 grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
John Evelyn's Diary. 6th April 1692. A fast. King James [aged 58] sends a letter written and directed by his own hand to several of the Privy Council, and one to his daughter [aged 29], the Queen Regent, informing them of the Queen [aged 33] being ready to be brought to bed, and summoning them to be at the birth by the middle of May, promising as from the French King [aged 53], permission to come and return in safety.
John Evelyn's Diary. 14th May 1693. Nothing yet of action from abroad. Muttering of a design to bring forces under color of an expected descent, to be a standing army for other purposes. Talk of a declaration of the French King [aged 54], offering mighty advantages to the confederates, exclusive of King William [aged 42]; and another of King James [aged 59], with an universal pardon, and referring the composing of all differences to a Parliament. These were yet but discourses; but something is certainly under it. A declaration or manifesto from King James, so written, that many thought it reasonable, and much more to the purpose than any of his former.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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On 9th June 1701 [his brother] Philip Bourbon I Duke Orléans [aged 60] died. His son [his son-in-law] Philippe [aged 26] succeeded II Duke Orléans.
On 14th April 1711 [his son] Louis "Le Grand Dauphin" Bourbon Duke Burgundy [aged 49] died of smallpox. [his grandson] Louis Bourbon Duke Burgundy [aged 28] was appointed Duke Burgundy and Dauphin.
On 12th February 1712 [his granddaughter-in-law] Maria Adelaide Savoy [aged 26] died of measles at Versailles.
On 18th February 1712 [his grandson] Louis Bourbon Duke Burgundy [aged 29] died of measles contracted when nursing his wife Maria Adelaide Savoy who had died six days previously.
On 8th March 1712, their eldest son, heir to the throne, [his great grandson] Louis Bourbon Duke Brittany [aged 5] died of measles.
The heir to the French throne their only remaining son Louis [aged 1], aged two, great-grandson of the reigning monarch Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 73] who succeeded his great-grandfather three years later in 1715.
On 1st September 1715 Louis "Sun King" XIV King France [aged 76] died at Palace of Versailles, Versailles. His great grandson Louis [aged 5] succeeded XV King France: Capet Valois Bourbon.
The 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover was a pact between France and England for England to abandon its alliance with Sweden and the Duct Republic, allowing France to conquer the Dutch Republic after which France would England a number of stratgeic ports on Dutch Rivers.
King Charles II's sister Princess Henrietta Stewart Duchess Orléans was instrumental in arranging the Treaty - she was married to the French King's brother Philip Bourbon I Duke Orléans.
The signatories included:
Richard Bellings
Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington
Henry Arundell 3rd Baron Arundel
Kings Wessex: Great x 17 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 16 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 22 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 17 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings Godwinson: Great x 16 Grand Son of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Great x 8 Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Kings Scotland: Great x 16 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland
Kings Franks: Great x 23 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor
Kings France: Son of Louis XIII King France
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 21 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Bourbon VIII Count Vendôme 
5 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Francis Bourbon Count Vendôme and Soissons 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabelle Beauvau Countess Vendôme
Great x 2 Grandfather: Charles Bourbon Duke Vendôme 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Peter Luxemburg II Count Saint Pol and Soissons 
3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Marie Luxemburg Countess Vendôme and Soissons 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Savoy Countess Saint Pol 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Antoine King Navarre 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Valois II Duke Alençon 4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Rene Valois Duke Alençon 5 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Marie Armagnac Duchess Alençon 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Françoise Valois Countess Vendôme 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Frederick Lorraine Count Vaudémont 9 x Great Grand Son of King Stephen I England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Lorraine Duchess Alençon 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Yolande Valois Anjou 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
GrandFather: Henry IV King France 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Alain "Great" Albret 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Jean III King Navarre 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Francois Chatillon 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: King Henry II of Navarre 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Gaston V Count Foix 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Catherine Grailly I Queen Navarre 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Magdalena Valois Countess Foix 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Jeanne Albret III Queen Navarre 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Valois Orléans 5 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Charles Valois Orléans Count Angoulême 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Marguerite Rohan
Great x 2 Grandmother: Marguerite Valois Orléans Queen Consort Navarre 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Philip "Landless" Savoy II Duke Savoy 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Louise of Savoy Countess Angoulême 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Bourbon 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Father: Louis XIII King France 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Giovanni de' Medici
Great x 3 Grandfather: Lodovico de Medici aka Giovanni delle Bande Nere
Great x 2 Grandfather: Cosimo I de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany
Great x 1 Grandfather: Francesco I de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany
GrandMother: Marie de Medici Queen Consort France 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Maximilian Habsburg I Holy Roman Emperor 3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Valois Duchess Burgundy 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Ferdinand II King Aragon 
8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabella Queen Castile 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Joanna of Austria Grand Duchess Tuscany 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Casimir IV King Poland
Great x 3 Grandfather: Vladislaus II King Hungary 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elisabeth Habsburg Queen Consort Poland 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Anne Jagiellon 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Gaston de Foix 2nd Earl Kendal 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anna Foix Queen Consort of Hungary and Bohemia 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine of Foix Countess Kendal 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Louis "Sun King" XIV King France 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Maximilian Habsburg I Holy Roman Emperor 3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Valois Duchess Burgundy 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Charles V Holy Roman Emperor 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Ferdinand II King Aragon 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabella Queen Castile 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Philip "The Prudent" II King Spain 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Ferdinand Aviz 2nd Duke Viseu 
2 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Manuel "Fortunate" I King Portugal 3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Beatrice Aviz Duchess Viseu 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Isabel Aviz Queen Consort Spain 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Ferdinand II King Aragon 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Maria Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabella Queen Castile 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
GrandFather: Philip III King Spain 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Maximilian Habsburg Spain II Holy Roman Emperor 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Vladislaus II King Hungary 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Jagiellon 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna Foix Queen Consort of Hungary and Bohemia 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Anna of Austria Queen Consort Spain 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Charles V Holy Roman Emperor 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Maria of Spain Holy Roman Empress 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Manuel "Fortunate" I King Portugal 3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Isabel Aviz Queen Consort Spain 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Maria Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Mother: Anne of Austria Spain Queen Consort France 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Maximilian Habsburg I Holy Roman Emperor 3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Valois Duchess Burgundy 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Ferdinand II King Aragon 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabella Queen Castile 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Charles Habsburg Spain II Archduke Austria 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Casimir IV King Poland
Great x 3 Grandfather: Vladislaus II King Hungary 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elisabeth Habsburg Queen Consort Poland 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Anne Jagiellon 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Gaston de Foix 2nd Earl Kendal 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anna Foix Queen Consort of Hungary and Bohemia 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine of Foix Countess Kendal 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
GrandMother: Margaret of Austria Queen Consort Spain 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Albert Wittelsbach IV Duke Bavaria 
8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: William Wittelsbach IV Duke Bavaria 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Kunigunde Habsburg Duchess Bavaria 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Albert V Wittelsbach V Duke Bavaria 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Philip Baden 1st Margrave Baden 11 x Great Grand Son of King Stephen I England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Marie Jakobaea Baden Duchess Bavaria 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elisabeth of the Palatinate 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Maria Anna Wittelsbach 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Anna Habsburg Spain Duchess Bavaria 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Vladislaus II King Hungary 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Jagiellon 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna Foix Queen Consort of Hungary and Bohemia 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England