Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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25 Apr 1464 Battle of Hedgeley Moor is in 1461-1464 Edward IV takes the Crown.
On 25th April 1464 a Yorkist army commanded by John Neville 1st Marquess Montagu [aged 33] defeated a Lancastrian army commanded by Henry Beaufort 2nd or 3rd Duke of Somerset [aged 28] at Hedgeley Moor, Northumberland [Map].
Of the Lancastrians...
Thomas Ros 9th Baron Ros Helmsley [aged 36] and Robert Hungerford 3rd Baron Hungerford 1st Baron Moleyns [aged 33] fled from the battle.
Ralph Percy [aged 39] was killed.




Chronicle of Edward Hall [1496-1548]. [25th April 1464] Lorde Montacute, forgat not the office of a good capitain, nor beyng well furnished with suche as he knewe would neither flie backeward, nor stande still lookyng, and not fightyng, thought no leger to tract the tyme, but with a valiant corage, marched forward toward his enemies, and in his iorney, he was inconntered, with the lorde Hungerford, tho Lorde Roos, sir Raufe Percy, and diverse other, at a place called Hegely More. Where sodainly thesaied lordes, in maner, without stroke strikyng, fled, and onely sir Raufe Percy abode, and was there manfully slain, with diverse other, saiyiig, when he was diyng: I have saued the birde in my bosome: meanyng that he had kept, both his promise and othe, to kyng Henry the VI: Forgettyng that he in kyng Henries moste necessitie, abandoned him and submitted hym to kyng Edward, (as you before have heard.)
Grafton's Chronicle [1507-1573]. [25th April 1464] The Lorde Montacute, forgat not the office of a good Capitaine, and beyng well furnished with such as he knewe would neyther flye backwarde, nor stande still lokyng on, thought no lenger to tract the tyme, but with a valiant courage marched forwarde towarde his enemies, and encountered with the Lorde Hungerford, the Lorde Roos, syr Rauie Percye, and diuers other, at a place called Hegely More. Where sodainly the sayde Lordes in maner without stroke strikyng fled, and onely syr Raufe Percy abode, and was there manfully slain, with divers other, saiyng, when he was diyng: I bauve saved the birde in my bosome: meanyng that he had kept, both his promise and othe to king Henry the sixt.
Chronicle of Gregory. Ande in the wey thedyrwarde there met with him that fals Duke of Somersette, Syr Raffe Percy, the Lord Hungerforde, and the Lord Roos, whythe alle her company, to the nombyr of vM [5000] men of armys. And this metynge was a pon Synte Markys day; and that same day was Syr Raffe Percy slayne. And whenn that he was dede alle the party was schomfytyd and put to rebuke. Ande every man avoydyd and toke his way with full sory hertys. And then my Lord of Mountegeue toke his hors and roode to Norham, and fecchyd yn the Schottys, and brought them unto the Lordys Commyssyonourys. And there was concludyd a pes [Note. peace] for xv year with the Schottys. And the Schottys ben trewe it moste nedys contynu so longe, but hit is harde for to tryste unto hem, for they byn evyr founde full of gyle and dyssayte.
A Minstrelsey of the English Border. The Battle of Hedgeley Moor
The White Rose waves be north the Tyne,
On Yorkis crest, and lo, its thorn.
Has made Northumbria's gallant hearts,
Lament the day or they were born.
Sir Ralph de Percy's trumpets rang.
To gather yeomen from the Glen,
And Simonfide has echoed back;
"Rouse up, and march, my merry men."
"No longer now my yeomen bold,"
Sir Percy said, "must we bide here;
Since England's Red Rose droops her head.
When is her haughty rival near."
To morrow's fun may wistfu' shoot
On mony shields and border crest;
And mony flags may flutter 'boon
The heath whare lies a knight at rest.
The morning air the mist: had chafed
From doun Ros Castl's lofty hill;
The vapours rolled alang the Glen,
And clothed the banks o' fullen Till.
Where stray the bulls by Chillingham,
Where Wooler water rowls its tide.
Where Glen and College to the Till,
The Till to Tweed, does swiftly glide.
O'er Hepbron's oaks, and darksome tower.
Morn threw her weeds o' foggy gray;
Dun Bewick heard the lark's shrill call.
That ushered in the fatal day.
Harehope now shew'd his heath clad brow.
And Eglingham her wild woods shook.
Grim Beanly smiled, and Crawley frown'd.
From cliff and scaur with proudfu' look.
The sun shines coldly in the lift.
To gild Aln's stream it hath no power,
Its rays, they winna warm the ground.
Or tinge the bent on Hedgely Moor.
It shall be tinged with other hue.
It shall be warm't with other heat.
The setting sun that heath shall view.
Changed to the warrior's winding sheet.
The mavis, that now sings fae sweet.
Ere night shall chaunt a deathfu' song;
O'er Chieftains stiffened in their clay.
And strew'd the bluidy broom among.
Instead o' heath bells clad in dew.
Or bonny knowes to please the eye,
The moon shall shed a ghastly light,
Whare bleeding warriors silent lie.
There shall be heard the dying curfe
O' fell revenge, o' muttered prayer.
And maidens sobbing all around.
While search they for some lover there.
And Percy's Crofs o' sculptured stone.
That points this feud of eldern day.
Shall fade, for time with constant pace
Doth bring with it its own decay.
The trumpets sang in waefu' breath.
Their echoes skud upon the gale.
From lofty Cheviot's mountain fide.
To the green slopes of Teviotdale.
But Alnwick's towers, and Percy's hold.
Are harried by his mortal foe;
And Ida feels the iron hand.
Which lays bauld Dunstan's turretts low.
"Fierce Greyftock," quoth the Percy then,
"Now wastes my father's ancient hall,
Wi' mony fouthrons of renown,
Whose martial names I canna' call.
"De Breze's succours come not up,
Alone I stand upon the lea;
And here maun I in shame retreat.
The bracken bush to shelter me.
"Ill may my father's son now brook
Such shame, it fills my e'en with tears;
Thus forced to loiter north the Tweed,
And tak' up wi' the Scottish spears.
"Beshrew my heart, I'll southward go.
For here no longer may I stay;
Yon caterans' pastime shall be short,
Tho' Alnwick's towers be their prey."
Each archer clafped his Baldrick on.
New strung his bow, new whet his sword.
And Scotland's Chiefs have joined the war.
That good Kynge Henry be restored.
Queen Margaret was a woman bold.
Her troops were all in steel arrayed;
Her standard flew amid the van,
Whare the Red Rose its leaves display'd.
Earl Percy and his men were there.
The Widdringtons, a gallant few;
Keen hunters on the hill and plain.
For deftly could they bend the yew.
Lords Ross, and Hungerford, and Carr,
All Chieftains of a mounted band.
With English bill and Scottish spear.
Were marshall'd 'neath their high command.
Along the ridge of Wooperton
Sir Percy plac'd his archers light;
The Yorkifts they must breast the hill.
Clad in their heavy mail to fight.
Lord Montacute's White bannered Rose
Had cross the streams of fullen Till,
Ah! gentle river, didst thou spare
So fell a fiend that came to kill.
The eastern warden eke was he.
And boasted Neville's noble name:
And Howards, and Bracys, Cuthberts and Johnsons
To combat all at Hedgely came.
With them five hundred horsfemen rode.
In martial pomp and gliftering mail;
The yird it shook beneath their hoofs.
Their trumpets flourished on the gale.
Next came his archers, good and true.
Stern men from Tees and Weardale side.
And Border prickers and spearmen.
And Hobiler's with them did ride.
And Reivers wild, who spoil do love,
A motley, mingled roving train;
Moss troopers frae' the Scottish march.
Who only fought for ruth and gain.
Now Montacute has taen his ground.
His bannered White Rose fluttered wide;
His trumpets with a martial din,
Sir Percy's prowess loud defied.
Short space had past, when down the hill,
Upon a fleet and gallant grey.
Sir Percy spurred with right good will.
And thus unto his men did say:
"Now forward for the red, red Rose,
My merry archers, take good aim;"
The bowstrings twanged, as the arrowed shower.
Swept glancing o'er the field o' fame.
Far down the hill the arrows flew,
Like a cloud of driving hail,
And many a knight at stirrup swung,
Girt in his heavy mail.
Three times before that feathered flight
The horsemen backward drew;
They strove in vain to top the hill,
Whilst the archers bent the yew.
"Bring up the spearmen," Neville cried,
And he cursed the broken ground;
"Wheel the light troops ayont the hill,
And Percy's band surround."
Wi' steady step the spearmen came,
The Border prickers shewed their skill.
And dash'd the archers' rear upon.
When they had crept behint the hill.
The Lancasters their bows slang by,
With swords they fiercely ran.
On Neville's spearmen did they fall,
And charg't them in the van.
The men of Tees and Wear were good,
As e'er loot arrow fly;
They wheeled in line, and met the charge.
Of foemen valiantly.
The spears were cast aside in wrath,
They trampled on the useless bow,
And to it hand to hand they went,
'Twas thrust for thrust, and blow for blow.
Sir Percy shouted "Hungerford,
And Ross, upon the Yorkist rank;"
But the coward loons they took to flight.
And galloped o'er the northern bank.
The warden charged the Lancasters,
Their shafts were sped in fight fae vayn,
And Neville's spears are bearing down
Sir Percy and his gallant train.
No arrows hurtled thro' the air.
And useless lay the twanging bow;
But levell't spears were forward bent.
And swords gave many a mortal blow.
On foot the noble Percy fought,
Whole ranks were hewn down by his hand.
And limbs and heads were shred away
Like poppies by his sweeping brand.
Now back to back the warriors flood.
But what might fic a remnant do?
And scattered o'er the bloody moor
Were billmen keen and archers true.
To right and left, before, ahint.
The torrent of the war rolled by;
"The Red Rose yet," Sir Percy cried.
For off the field he scorned to fly.
His shouts rung round the bluidy field,
A spearman thrust his body thro';
But lightly from the ground he sprung
Full thirty English feet or moe.
His death pangs gave him giant strength.
Backward he drave the foe;
What brand with his could stand a wyte.
What shield refist its blow?
The crescent on his helmet top.
No bigger than a bee.
Was hacked to flinders by the swords
Of his bold enemy.
And many a mother's son lay there.
Within that bluidy ring.
And many a banner fell to erthe.
Ere Percy took his spring.
Sore hackit was his golden mayl.
And eke the sword he drew.
And from the chinks of his habergeon
The blood was seeping thro'.
But failed his life, he backward sank.
As Montacute upon him prest;
The last words these, the Percy said,
"I've sav'd the bird within my breast."
A sterner field was never fought.
When York his cause made good;
But dearly was the conquest won:
The white rose dyed its leaves in blood.
Metrical Legends of Northumberland. The Legend of Percy's Cross
"FAIR morn betide thee, sire of this lonely glen,
"Fair morn betide thee, why stopp'st thou me?"
Up spoke the father then,
"Chief! in this lolely glen,
"Through the dark night hours I've tarried for thee.
"Chief! to the battle plain spur not thy charger,
"Far be from Hedgley thy pennon and plume!
"A vision comes o'er me,
"Hosts gather before me,
"The mighty rush on — but they rush to the tomb."
"Ho gallants! a Seer!" quoth the Lord of the crescent then,
"Knight and squire, page and groom, reck ye the rede?
"The voice of a stranger
"Warns PERCY from danger,
"Fly, fly we like cravens — spur palfrey and steed!"
"Ha!" cried the wizard then, " spurnest thou my counsel?
"Yet again, and but once, list the voice thou hast scorned,
"Trust not the Ross's word,
"Shun the dark Hungerford,
"Fly the proud Montacute — Chief! thou art warned."
"On," said the PERCY, "and heed not the dreamer, "
Burst like a storm on the rebels' array!
"Accurst be the omen
"Parts foeman from foeman,
"Stout hearts for the red roses! — spur and away!"
Darkly they serried their lines on the desert heath,
Darkly they closed, and the battle raged high;
Rung on the sighing gale
Many a dying wail;
Steel clash'd on hauberk — shafts darken'd the sky.
Many a goodly steed masterless galloped there,
Many a rider lay reeking in gore,
Many a bloody hand
Plied the red bill and brand,
Many a knight fell to rise never more!
Chieftains on chieftains rush — lo! where the proudest fight,
Whose barb through the phalanx bounds fearless and first—
n his banner far streaming
The crescent is gleaming,
And fiercely his bands through the serried links burst.
Ha! quenched is the crescent's light — lo! where he bleeding lies!
True were the words he recklessly braved;
Mark ye his glazing eye,
List ye his dying cry!
"Triumph! the bird in my bosom I've saved."