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The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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In 1740 Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier was born illegitimately to [his father] Francois Auguste de Ligonier (age 47).
On 25th January 1746 [his father] Francois Auguste de Ligonier (age 53) died.
On 1st May 1762 [his uncle] Jean Louis Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 81) was created 1st Viscount Ligonier of Clonmell with a remainder to his nephew Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 22).
On 12th November 1764 Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 24) was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to William Henry Hanover 1st Duke Gloucester and Edinburgh (age 20).
On 6th December 1766 Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 26) and Penelope Pitt Viscountess Ligonier (age 17) were married at the chapel of the British Embassy, Paris.
On 28th April 1770 [his uncle] Jean Louis Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 89) died unmarried. Earl Ligonier, Viscount Ligonier of Enniskillen and Baron Ligonier extinct. His nephew His nephew Edward (age 30) succeeded Viscount Ligonier of Clonmell and was created Earl Ligonier albeit in the Irish peerage six years later. Penelope Pitt Viscountess Ligonier (age 21) by marriage Countess Ligonier.
On 7th May 1771 Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 31) duelled at Green Park with Vittorio Amadeo, Count Alfieri, with whom he believed his wife Penelope Pitt Viscountess Ligonier (age 22) was conducting an affair.
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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On 7th November 1771 Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 31) and Penelope Pitt Viscountess Ligonier (age 22) were divorced.
On 14th December 1773 Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 33) and Mary Henley Countess Ligonier (age 20) were married. She the daughter of Robert Henley 1st Earl Northington and Jane Huband.
On 19th July 1776 Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 36) was created 1st Earl Ligonier. Mary Henley Countess Ligonier (age 23) by marriage Countess Ligonier.
On 14th June 1782 Edward Ligonier 1st Earl Ligonier (age 42) died. Earl Ligonier extinct.
GrandFather: Louis de Ligonier
Father: Francois Auguste de Ligonier