The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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In 1282 Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 23] and Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon were married. He the son of Alfonso X King Castile X King Leon [aged 60] and Violante Barcelona Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon.
In 1283 [her daughter] Isabella of Castile Queen Consort Aragon was born to [her husband] Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 24] and Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon. She a great x 4 granddaughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England. She married (1) 1st December 1291 her first cousin once removed James "The Just" II King Aragon, son of Peter III King Aragon and Constance Hohenstaufen Queen Consort Aragon (2) 1310 her fourth cousin once removed John III Duke Brittany.
On 2nd April 1284 [her father-in-law] Alfonso X King Castile X King Leon [aged 62] died. His son [her husband] Sancho [aged 25] succeeded IV King Castile, IV King Leon. Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon by marriage Queen Consort Castile, Queen Consort Leon.
On 6th December 1285 [her son] Ferdinand IV King Castile IV King Leon was born to [her husband] Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 27] and Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon. He a great x 4 grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England. He married 23rd January 1302 his half first cousin once removed Constance Burgundy Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon, daughter of Denis I King Portugal and Elisabeth Barcelona Queen Consort Portugal, and had issue.
In 1286 [her son] Alfonso Ivrea was born to [her husband] Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 27] and Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon. He a great x 4 grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England. He died aged five in 1291.
In 1288 [her son] Henry Ivrea was born to [her husband] Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 29] and Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon. He a great x 4 grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England. He died aged eleven in 1299.
In 1290 [her son] Peter Ivrea was born to [her husband] Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 31] and Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon. He a great x 4 grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England. He married his second cousin Maria Barcelona, daughter of James "The Just" II King Aragon and Blanche Capet Queen Consort Aragon.
In 1292 [her son] Philip Ivrea was born to [her husband] Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 33] and Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon. He a great x 4 grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England.
In 1293 [her daughter] Beatrice Ivrea Queen Consort Portugal was born to [her husband] Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 34] and Maria Molina Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon. She a great x 4 granddaughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England. She married 12th September 1309 her half first cousin once removed Alfonso "Brave" IV King Portugal, son of Denis I King Portugal and Elisabeth Barcelona Queen Consort Portugal, and had issue.
On 25th April 1295 [her husband] Sancho IV King Castile IV King Leon [aged 36] died. His son Ferdinand [aged 9] succeeded IV King Castile, IV King Leon.