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The History of William Marshal, Earl of Chepstow and Pembroke, Regent of England. Book 1 of 2, Lines 1-10152.

The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.

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Earth

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Earth ...

has a mass of 5,792,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Kg.

has a diameter at the Equator of 12,756 km.

has circumference at the Equator of 40,075 Km.

is spinning around its axis at 1,700 Km per hour.

spins around the Sun every 365.2564 days travelling distance of 940,000,000 Km at an average speed of 107,208 Km per hour.

Earth Atmosphere

Earth Atmosphere. A layer of gases that surround the Earth. The atmosphere is around 100 Km deep. Three quarters of the atmosphere is contained within the first 11 Km.

The Atmospehere has a number of layers:

Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km

Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km

Troposphere: 0 to 12 km

Life

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Humans

Homo Erectus

Homo Erectus emerged around 2 millions years ago.

Homo Neanderthalis

Homo Neanderthalis is an extinct species of Humans that lived in Europe and Asia until around 40,000 years ago. It is unclear what caused their extinction.

1829. Dutch naturalist Philippe-Charles Schmerling discovered the remains of a Neaderthal skull at Grottes d'Engis, Belgium. He believed the skull to be of a Homo Sapiens.