Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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Paternal Family Tree: Hanover
Maternal Family Tree: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 1557-1631
On 30th September 1658 [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 28] and [his mother] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 27] were married. She the daughter of [his grandfather] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine and [his grandmother] Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia [aged 62]. He the son of George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg and Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 57].
On 28th May 1660 King George I was born to [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 30] and [his mother] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 29]. He a great grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 21st November 1682 George Louis of Hanover [aged 22] and Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 16] were married. The marriage had been arranged by their respective fathers Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 53] and George Wilhelm Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 58], and his mother Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 52]. She the illegitmate daughter of George Wilhelm Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg and Eleonore Esmier D'Olbreuse Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg. He the son of Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg and Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern. They were first cousins. He a great grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 30th October 1683 [his son] King George II of Great Britain and Ireland was born to King George I [aged 23] and [his wife] Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 17] at Herrenhausen Palace, Hanover, Lower Saxony. He a great x 2 grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%. He married 22nd August 1705 Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England and had issue.
Before 1685 [his brother-in-law] Frederick I King Prussia [aged 27] and [his sister] Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [aged 16] were married. She the daughter of [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 55] and [his mother] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 54]. He the son of Frederick William "Great Elector" Hohenzollern Elector Brandenburg [aged 64] and Luise Henriette Orange Nassau. They were second cousins. She a great granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 26th March 1687 [his daughter] Sophia Dorothea Hanover Queen Consort Prussia was born to King George I [aged 26] and [his wife] Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 20]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%. She married 28th November 1706 her first cousin Frederick William "Soldier King" I King Prussia, son of Frederick I King Prussia and Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia, and had issue.
John Evelyn's Diary. 19th July 1689. The Convention (or Parliament as some called it) sitting, exempt the Duke of Hanover [aged 29] from the succession to the crown, which they seem to confine to the present new King [aged 38], his wife [aged 27], and Princess Anne of Denmark [aged 24], who is so monstrously swollen, that it is doubted whether her being thought with child may prove a TYMPANY only, so that the unhappy family of the Stuarts seems to be extinguishing; and then what government is likely to be next set up is unknown, whether regal and by election, or otherwise, the Republicans and Dissenters from the Church of England evidently looking that way.
In January 1692 [his illegitimate daughter] Anne aka Louise Sophia Schulenburg was born illegitimately to King George I [aged 31] and Melusine Schulenburg 1st Duchess Munster 1st Duchess Kendal [aged 24]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 19th December 1692 [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 63] was elected Elector Brunswick Lüneburg.
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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On 1st April 1693 [his illegitimate daughter] Petronilla Melusine Schulenburg Countess Chesterfield was born illegitimately to King George I [aged 32] and Melusine Schulenburg 1st Duchess Munster 1st Duchess Kendal [aged 25]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 28th December 1694 the marriage of the future King George I [aged 34] and Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 28] was dissolved. Sophia Dorothea was named as the guilty party for "maliciously leaving her husband". She was forbidden to remarry or to see her children again; her name was removed from official documents, she was stripped of her title of Electoral Princess. She was imprisoned for life.
On 23rd January 1698 [his father] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 68] died.
In 1701 King George I [aged 40] was appointed 509th Knight of the Garter by King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland [aged 50].
In 1701 [his illegitimate daughter] Margarethe Gertrud von Oeynhausen Schulenburg was born illegitimately to King George I [aged 40] and Melusine Schulenburg 1st Duchess Munster 1st Duchess Kendal [aged 33]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 18th January 1701 [his brother-in-law] Frederick I King Prussia [aged 43] was created I King Prussia. [his sister] Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [aged 32] by marriage Queen Consort Prussia.
On 1st February 1705 [his sister] Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [aged 36] died.
On 22nd August 1705 King George II of Great Britain and Ireland [aged 21] and Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England [aged 22] were married. He the son of King George I [aged 45] and Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 38].
On 28th November 1706 [his son-in-law] Frederick William "Soldier King" I King Prussia [aged 18] and Sophia Dorothea Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [aged 19] were married. She the daughter of King George I [aged 46] and Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 40]. He the son of Frederick I King Prussia [aged 49] and Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia. They were first cousins. He a great x 2 grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 1st May 1714 Henry Paget 1st Earl Uxbridge [aged 51] was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to the Elector of Hanover [aged 53], the future King George I. He requested he be made an Earl but Queen Anne of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 49] declined his request.
On 8th June 1714 [his mother] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern [aged 83] died.
On 1st August 1714 Queen Anne of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 49] died at Kensington Palace. Her second cousin George [aged 54] succeeded I King Great Britain and Ireland.
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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On 18th September 1714 King George I [aged 54] arrived at Greenwich following his accession to the throne of the United Kingdom on the death of Queen Anne on 1st of August. There was apparently thick fog when the he made his way up the Thames accompanied by a flotilla of boats carrying his family and entourage including 18 cooks as well as his mistress, Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg [aged 46], and his half-sister [his sister] Sophia Charlotte von Kielmansegg. He landed at the water gates of the Sir Christopher Wren-designed Royal Hospital for Seamen, now known as the Old Royal Naval College, in Greenwich. When the waiting crowds cheered the disembarking king, it was a case of mistaken identity. In fact, they were cheering his son, George Augustus [aged 30] (and future King George II) and by the time the king actually disembarked, much of the crowd had already dissolved, leaving a much smaller gathering to welcome him.
On 20th October 1714 King George I [aged 54] was crowned I King Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey [Map] by Archbishop Thomas Tenison [aged 78].
Charles Fitzroy 2nd Duke Grafton [aged 30] was appointed Lord High Steward.
Willam Humphreys 1st Baronet officiated in his capacity of Lord Mayor of London, entertaining the King and his court at Guildhall
On 1st December 1714 Francis Eyles 1st Baronet was created 1st Baronet Eyles of London by King George I [aged 54].
The 1715 Battle of Preston was the final action of the 1715 Jacobite Rebellion. It commenced on 9th November 1715 when Jacobite cavalry entered Preston, Lancashire [Map]. Royalist troops arrived in number over the next few days surrounding Preston forcing the Jacocobite surrender. 1463 were taken prisoner of which 463 were English. The Scottish prisoners included:
George Seton 5th Earl of Winton [aged 38]. The only prisoner to plead not guilty, sentenced to death, escaped from the Tower of London [Map] on 4th August 1716 around nine in the evening. Travelled to France then to Rome.
On 24th February 1716 William Gordon 6th Viscount Kenmure [aged 44] was beheaded on Tower Hill [Map].
On 9th February 1716 William Maxwell 5th Earl Nithsale was sentenced to be executed on 24th February 1716. The night before his wife [aged 36] effected his escape from the Tower of London [Map] by exchanging his clothes with those of her maid. They travelled to Paris then to Rome where the court of James "Old Pretender" Stewart [aged 27] was.
James Radclyffe 3rd Earl Derwentwater [aged 26] was imprisoned in the Tower of London [Map]. He was examined by the Privy Council on 10th January 1716 and impeached on 19th January 1716. He pleaded guilty in the expectation of clemency. He was attainted and condemned to death. Attempts were made to procure his pardon. His wife Anna Maria Webb Countess Derwentwater [aged 24], her sister Mary Webb [aged 21] [Note. Assumed to be her sister Mary], their aunt Anne Brudenell Duchess Richmond [aged 45], Barbara Villiers 1st Duchess of Cleveland appealed to King George I [aged 55] in person without success.
On 24th February 1716 James Radclyffe 3rd Earl Derwentwater was beheaded on Tower Hill [Map]. Earl Derwentwater, Baronet Radclyffe of Derwentwater in Cumberland forfeit.
William Murray 2nd Lord Nairne was tried on 9th February 1716 for treason, found guilty, attainted, and condemned to death. He survived long enough to benefit from the Indemnity Act of 1717.
General Thomas Forster of Adderstone [aged 31] was attainted. He was imprisoned at Newgate Prison, London [Map] but escaped to France.
On 14th May 1716 Henry Oxburgh was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn [Map]. He was buried at Church of St Gile's in the Fields. His head was spiked on Temple Bar.
The trials and sentences were overseen by the Lord High Steward William Cowper 1st Earl Cowper [aged 50] for which he subsequently received his Earldom.
Between 22nd January 1715 and 9th March 1715 the 1715 General Election was held. The election had been caused by George I's [aged 54] succession. The Whig party, which supported George I, won an overwhelming majority.
John Rushout 4th Baronet [aged 29] was elected MP Malmesbury.
Leonard Smelt [aged 32] was elected MP Northallerton.
Thomas Frankland 3rd Baronet [aged 30] was elected MP Thirsk.
George Carpenter 1st Baron Carpenter [aged 57] was elected MP Whitchurch.
On 26th January 1716 George Sackville aka Germain 1st Viscount Sackville was born to Lionel Cranfield Sackville 1st Duke Dorset [aged 28] and Elizabeth Colyear Duchess Dorset [aged 27]. His godfather King George I [aged 55] attended his baptism. He married 3rd September 1754 Diana Sambrooke and had issue.
On 29th June 1716 [his brother] Ernest Augustus Hanover 1st Duke of York and Albany [aged 41] was created 1st Duke York and Albany.
In 1719 Peregrine Bertie 2nd Duke Ancaster and Kesteven [aged 32] was appointed Gentlemen of the Bedchamber to King George I [aged 58].
On 28th April 1719 Charles Montagu 1st Duke Manchester [aged 57] was created 1st Duke Manchester by King George I [aged 58]. Doddington Greville Duchess Manchester [aged 47] by marriage Duchess Manchester.
On 19th May 1719 Edward Rich 7th Earl Warwick 4th Earl Holland [aged 21] was appointed Gentlemen of the Bedchamber to King George I [aged 58].
In 1720 Wilfrid Lawson 3rd Baronet [aged 23] was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to King George I [aged 59] which position he held until 1725.
In 1723. Michael Dahl [aged 64] was requested by King George I [aged 62] to paint the portrait of the two year old [his grandson] William Augustus Hanover 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 1]. Dahl's refusal, it being beneath his dignity, resulted in his not being appointed the new court painter, and not being knighted.
In 1726 [his illegitimate daughter] Margarethe Gertrud von Oeynhausen Schulenburg [aged 25] died.
On 13th November 1726 [his former wife] Sophia Dorothea of Celle [aged 60] died shortly before midnight. An autopsy revealed liver failure and gall bladder occlusion due to 60 gallstones. Her former husband King George I [aged 66] died seven months later.
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Before 1727. Michael Dahl [aged 67]. Portrait of King George I [aged 66].
On 11th June 1727 King George I [aged 67] died. His son George [aged 43] succeeded II King Great Britain and Ireland. Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England [aged 44] by marriage Queen Consort England.
Kings Wessex: Great x 18 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 15 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 21 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 16 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings Godwinson: Great x 18 Grand Son of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Great Grand Son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Kings Scotland: Great x 17 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland
Kings Franks: Great x 24 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor
Kings France: Great x 8 Grand Son of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 22 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
GrandFather: George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg 
Father: Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg 13 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: William II Landgrave of Hesse 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Landgrave Philip I of Hesse 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Landgrave George I of Hesse Darmstadt 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: George Duke of Saxony 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Christine of Saxony 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Barbara Jagiellon 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Landgrave Louis V of Hesse-Darmstadt 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
GrandMother: Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
King George I Great Grand Son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: John II Count Palatinate Simmern 
8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Frederick III Elector Palatine 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Louis VI Elector Palatine 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Frederick IV Elector Palatine 11 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
GrandFather: Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: William "The Rich" I Count of Nassau Dillenburg
Great x 2 Grandfather: William "The Silent" Orange Nassau I Prince Orange
Great x 1 Grandmother: Electress Louise Juliana of the Palatine Rhine 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Louis Bourbon Prince of La Roche sur Yon 
6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Louis Duke of Montpensier 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Louise Bourbon Duchess of Monpensier 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Charlotte Bourbon Princess Orange 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Jean IV de Longwy Seigneur de Givry
Great x 3 Grandmother: Jacqueline de Longwy 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Jeanne Valois 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Mother: Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern 
Grand Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Stewart 3rd Earl Lennox 
5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Matthew Stewart 4th Earl Lennox 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabel or Elizabeth Stewart Countess Lennox 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Henry "Lord Darnley" Stewart Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Archibald Douglas 6th Earl Angus 
10 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Douglas Countess Lennox Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland 
Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 1 Grandfather: King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland 2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: King James IV of Scotland 
4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: King James V of Scotland Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 2 Grandmother: Mary Queen of Scots Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Claude Lorraine 1st Duke Guise 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary of Guise Queen Consort Scotland 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Antoinette Bourbon Duchess of Guise 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
GrandMother: Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia 
Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: King Frederick I of Denmark 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Christian III King of Denmark 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna of Brandenburg 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Frederick II King of Denmark 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway
Great x 1 Grandmother: Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Albrecht VII Duke Mecklenburg
Great x 3 Grandfather: Ulrich Mecklenburg-Schwerin 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna Hohenzollern Duchess Mecklenburg 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England