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The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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In or before 1839 [her father] William Smith (age 25) and [her mother] Martha m William Smith were married.
In April 1843 Sophia Smith was born to [her father] William Smith (age 30) and [her mother] Martha m William Smith at Mottram, Cheshire.
1851. 1851 Census Cheshire Mottram. Back Lane, Mottram.
[her father] William Smith (age 38). Head. 38. Butcher.
[her mother] Martha m William Smith. Wife. 34. Housekeeper.
Sophia Smith (age 7). Daughter. 8.
1861. 1861 Census Cheshire Hyde Newton District 1. Castle Street, Newton.
[her father] William Smith (age 48). Head. 48.
[her mother] Martha m William Smith. Wife. 44.
Sophia Smith (age 17). Daughter. 18.
William Smith: Around 1813 he was born. In or before 1839 he and Martha m William Smith were married. Around 1875 he died.
Around 1875 [her father] William Smith (age 62) died.
On or before 1876 George Chadwick (age 36) and Sophia Smith (age 32) were married.
On or before 13th February 1876 [her son] Harry Chadwick was born to [her husband] George Chadwick (age 36) and Sophia Smith (age 32) at Hadfield, Derbyshire [Map]. He married 1st July 1901 Alice Haigh and had issue.
Harry Chadwick: On 1st July 1901 Harry Chadwick and Alice Haigh were married at All Saints Church, Glossop [Map]. In May 1923 Harry Chadwick died at Hayfield, Derbyshire [Map].
1881. 1881 Cheshire Tintwhistle. 5 New Road, Tintwhistle.
[her husband] George Chadwick (age 41). Head. 41. General Labourer.
Sophia Smith (age 37). Wife. 38.
[her son] Harry Chadwick (age 4). Son. 5.
In 1883 Sophia Smith (age 39) died at Hadfield, Derbyshire [Map].
In July 1909 [her former husband] George Chadwick (age 69) died at Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire [Map].