The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Biography of Rosalba Carrera 1673-1757

Rosalba Carrera is in Painters.

On 12th January 1673 Rosalba Carrera was born.

1730. Rosalba Carrera [aged 56]. Portrait of Maria Theresa Habsburg Spain Holy Roman Empress [aged 12].

1730. Rosalba Carrera [aged 56]. Portrait of Gustavus Hamilton 2nd Viscount Boyne [aged 20].

Gustavus Hamilton 2nd Viscount Boyne: In 1710 he was born to Frederick Hamilton and Sophia Hamilton. On 16th September 1723 Gustavus Hamilton 1st Viscount Boyne died. His grandson Gustavus succeeded 2nd Viscount Boyne. On 18th or 20th April 1746 Gustavus Hamilton 2nd Viscount Boyne died. His half first cousin Frederick succeeded 3rd Viscount Boyne.

Around 1741. Rosalba Carrera [aged 67]. Portrait of Horace Walpole 4th Earl Orford [aged 23].

On 15th April 1757 Rosalba Carrera [aged 84] died.