The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Paternal Family Tree: Oldenburg
Maternal Family Tree: Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg 1601-1659
In 1643 [his father] Frederick III King of Denmark [aged 33] and [his mother] Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark [aged 14] were married. She the daughter of [his grandfather] George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg and [his grandmother] Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 41]. He the son of Christian IV King of Denmark [aged 65]. They were sixth cousins.
On 15th April 1646 Christian V King of Denmark and Norway was born to [his father] Frederick III King of Denmark [aged 37] and [his mother] Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark [aged 18].
On 28th February 1648 [his grandfather] Christian IV King of Denmark [aged 70] died. His son [his father] Frederick [aged 38] succeeded III King of Denmark. [his mother] Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark [aged 19] by marriage Queen Consort Denmark.
In 1662 Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 15] was appointed 466th Knight of the Garter by King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 31].
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 23rd April 1663. St. George's day and Coronacion, the King [aged 32] and Court being at Windsor, at the installing of the King of Denmark [aged 17]1 by proxy and the Duke of Monmouth [aged 14].
Note 1. Christian V King of Denmark and Norway didn't become King until 1670.
On 15th June 1667 Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 21] and Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 17] were married. She the daughter of Wilhelm "The Just" VI Hesse-Kassel and Hedwig Sophia Hohenzollern [aged 43]. He the son of Frederick III King of Denmark [aged 58] and Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark [aged 39]. They were fourth cousins.
In 1670 [his brother-in-law] William Hesse-Kassel [aged 19] died. His brother Charles [aged 15] succeeded I Landgrave Hesse Kassel.
On 9th February 1670 [his father] Frederick III King of Denmark [aged 60] died. His son Christian [aged 23] succeeded V King of Denmark and Norway. [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 19] by marriage Queen Consort Denmark and Norway.
On 2nd October 1671 [his son] Frederick IV King of Denmark and Norway was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 25] and [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 21]. He married (1) 5th December 1695 his third cousin once removed Louise of Mecklenburg Güstrow Queen Consort Denmark and Norway and had issue (2) 4th April 1721 Anne Sophie Reventlow Queen Consort Denmark and Norway.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 1st December 1672 [his son] Christian Vilhelm Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 26] and [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 22]. He died aged less than one years old.
On 25th January 1673 [his son] Christian Vilhelm Oldenburg died.
Before 29th March 1674 [his brother-in-law] Charles I Landgrave Hesse-Kassel [aged 19] and Maria Amalia of Courland Landgravine Hesse-Kassel [aged 20] were married. She by marriage Landgravine Hesse Kassel. He the son of Wilhelm "The Just" VI Hesse-Kassel and [his mother-in-law] Hedwig Sophia Hohenzollern [aged 50]. They were first cousins.
On 25th March 1675 [his son] Christian Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 28] and [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 24].
On 28th August 1677 [his daughter] Sophie Hedevig Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 31] and [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 27].
On 18th January 1679 [his daughter] Christiane Charlotte Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 32] and [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 28]. She died aged ten in 1689.
On 26th October 1680 [his son] Charles Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 34] and [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 30].
On 17th July 1683 [his daughter] Daughter Oldenburg died.
On 17th July 1683 [his daughter] Daughter Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 37] and [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 33]. She died aged less than one years old.
John Evelyn's Diary. 25th July 1683. I again saw [his brother] Prince George of Denmark [aged 30]: he had the Danish countenance, blonde, of few words, spoke French but ill, seemed somewhat heavy, but reported to be valiant, and indeed he had bravely rescued and brought off his brother, the King of Denmark [aged 37], in a battle against the Swedes, when both these Kings were engaged very smartly.
On 28th July 1683 [his brother] Prince George of Denmark 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 30] and [his sister-in-law] Queen Anne of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 18] were married at Chapel Royal, St James's Palace. She the daughter of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 49] and Anne Hyde Duchess of York. He the son of [his father] Frederick III King of Denmark and [his mother] Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark [aged 55]. They were second cousin once removed.
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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In 20th February 1685 [his mother] Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark [aged 56] died.
On 21st February 1687 [his son] Vilhelm Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 40] and [his wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 36].
In 1689 [his brother] Prince George of Denmark 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 35] was created 1st Duke Cumberland by his father-in-law King James II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 55]. [his sister-in-law] Queen Anne of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 23] by marriage Duchess Cumberland.
John Evelyn's Diary. 16th June 1689. Our fleet not yet at sea, through some prodigious sloth, and men minding only their present interest; the French riding masters at sea, taking many great prizes to our wonderful reproach. No certain news from Ireland; various reports of Scotland; discontents at home. The King of Denmark [aged 43] at last joins with the Confederates, and the two Northern Powers are reconciled. The East India Company likely to be dissolved by Parliament for many arbitrary actions. Oates acquitted of perjury, to all honest men's admiration.
On 24th August 1689 [his daughter] Christiane Charlotte Oldenburg [aged 10] died.
On 27th June 1695 [his son] Christian Oldenburg [aged 20] died.
On 5th December 1695 Frederick IV King of Denmark and Norway [aged 24] and Louise of Mecklenburg Güstrow Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 28] were married. He the son of Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 49] and Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 45]. They were third cousin once removed.
On 25th August 1699 Christian V King of Denmark and Norway [aged 53] died. His son Frederick [aged 27] succeeded IV King of Denmark and Norway. Louise of Mecklenburg Güstrow Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 31] by marriage Queen Consort Denmark and Norway.
On 27th March 1714 [his former wife] Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 63] died of scarlet fever.
Kings Wessex: Great x 19 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Godwinson: Great x 18 Grand Son of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Great x 14 Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Kings Scotland: Great x 18 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland
Kings Franks: Great x 25 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor
Kings France: Great x 20 Grand Son of Hugh I King of the Franks
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 23 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Great x 4 Grandfather: Christian I King of Denmark 
Great x 3 Grandfather: King Frederick I of Denmark
Great x 4 Grandmother: Dorothea of Brandenburg
Great x 2 Grandfather: Christian III King of Denmark 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John "Cicero" Hohenzollern Elector Brandenburg
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anna of Brandenburg 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret of Thuringia 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Frederick II King of Denmark 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway
GrandFather: Christian IV King of Denmark 12 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Magnus II Duke of Mecklenburg
Great x 3 Grandfather: Albrecht VII Duke Mecklenburg
Great x 2 Grandfather: Ulrich Mecklenburg-Schwerin 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Joachim "Nestor" Hohenzollern Elector Brandenburg 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anna Hohenzollern Duchess Mecklenburg 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Father: Frederick III King of Denmark 13 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Christian V King of Denmark and Norway 14 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
GrandFather: George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg 
Mother: Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark 13 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: William II Landgrave of Hesse 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Landgrave Philip I of Hesse 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Landgrave George I of Hesse Darmstadt 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: George Duke of Saxony 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Christine of Saxony 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Barbara Jagiellon 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Landgrave Louis V of Hesse-Darmstadt 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
GrandMother: Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England