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The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Before 1717 [her father] William Montgomery 1st Baronet and [her mother] Hannah Tomkyns were married.
On 19th December 1751 [her future husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 27) and Charlotte Compton 16th Baroness Ferrers Chartley 7th Baroness Compton were married. He by marriage Baron Ferrers of Chartley, Baron Compton of Compton in Warwickshire. She the daughter of James Compton 5th Earl of Northampton (age 64) and Elizabeth Shirley Countess Northampton. They were sixth cousins.
Around 1752 Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend was born to [her father] William Montgomery 1st Baronet and [her mother] Hannah Tomkyns.
On 12th March 1764 Charles Townshend 3rd Viscount Townsend (age 63) died. His son [her future husband] George (age 40) succeeded 4th George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend, 4th Baron Townshend of Lynn Regis in Norfolk, 6th Baronet Townshend. His son George succeeded 4th Viscount Townsend.
Before 1765 [her father] William Montgomery 1st Baronet and Anne Evatt were married.
1773. Joshua Reynolds (age 49). "Irish Graces" or "Three Ladies Adorning a Term of Hymen". Portrait of three elder Montgomery sisters [her sister] Barbara Montgomery (age 20), [her sister] Elizabeth Montgomery (age 22) and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 21). They are shown decorating a statue of Hymen, the Greek god of marriage and fertility, with flowers. The painting was commissioned by Luke Gardiner 1st Viscount Mountjoy (age 27)
Barbara Montgomery: In 1753 she was born to William Montgomery 1st Baronet and Hannah Tomkyns. In 1774 John Beresford and she were married. He the son of Marcus Beresford 1st Earl Tyrone and Catherine Power Countess Tyrone. In 1788 she died.
Elizabeth Montgomery: In 1751 she was born to William Montgomery 1st Baronet and Hannah Tomkyns. On 3rd July 1773 Luke Gardiner 1st Viscount Mountjoy and she were married. In 1783 she died.
On 19th May 1773 George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 49) and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 21) were married. The difference in their ages was 27 years.
On 16th March 1776 [her daughter] Charlotte Townshend Duchess Leeds was born to [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 52) and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 24). She married 17th August 1797 her sixth cousin George William Frederick Osborne 6th Duke Leeds, son of Francis Osborne 5th Duke Leeds and Amelia Darcy 12th Baroness Darcy 9th Baroness Conyers, and had issue.
In 1777 [her daughter] Honoria Townshend was born to [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 52) and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 25).
William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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On 24th December 1777 [her step-son] George Townshend 2nd Marquess Townshend (age 24) and Charlotte Mainwaring Ellerker Countess of Leicester (age 6) were married. He the son of [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 53) and Charlotte Compton 16th Baroness Ferrers Chartley 7th Baroness Compton.
In 1778 [her son] William Townshend was born to [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 53) and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 26).
Around 1780. Joshua Reynolds (age 56). Portrait of Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 28).
In 1784 [her step-son] George Townshend 2nd Marquess Townshend (age 30) was created 1st Earl of Leicester. Charlotte Mainwaring Ellerker Countess of Leicester (age 12) by marriage Countess of Leicester.
On 11th September 1785 [her son] James Nugent Boyle Bernardo Townshend was born to [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 61) and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 33).
In 1787 [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 62) and Georgiana Anne Poyntz (age 23) were married. The difference in their ages was 39 years.
On 27th October 1787 [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 63) was created 1st Marquess Townshend. Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 35) by marriage Marchioness Townshend.
After 1788 [her father] William Montgomery 1st Baronet died.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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In 1794 [her son] William Townshend (age 16) died.
On 27th May 1796 [her step-son] Charles Townshend (age 28) died.
On 17th August 1797 [her son-in-law] George William Frederick Osborne 6th Duke Leeds (age 22) and [her daughter] Charlotte Townshend Duchess Leeds (age 21) were married. She by marriage Baroness Darcy of Knayth, Baroness Conyers. She the daughter of [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 73) and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 45). He the son of Francis Osborne 5th Duke Leeds (age 46) and Amelia Darcy 12th Baroness Darcy 9th Baroness Conyers. They were sixth cousins. He a great x 5 grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 14th September 1807 [her husband] George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend (age 83) died. His son [her step-son] George (age 54) succeeded 2nd Marquess Townshend, 5th Viscount Townsend, 5th Baron Townshend of Lynn Regis in Norfolk, 7th Baronet Townshend.
On 29th March 1819 Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend (age 67) died.
[her daughter] Henrietta Townshend was born to George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend.
[her daughter] Anne Townshend was born to George Townshend 1st Marquess Townshend and Anne Montgomery Marchioness Townshend.