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The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Waenfynydd aka Castellor Burial Chamber, Llanfaelog, Anglesey, North-West Wales aka Gwynedd, British Isles [Map]

Waenfynydd aka Castellor Burial Chamber is in Llanfaelog, Anglesey, Prehistoric Anglesey Burial Chambers.

Archaeological Journal Volume 28 1871 Pages 97-108. 19. [Waenfynydd aka Castellor Burial Chamber [Map]] Llechylched par. (w). Fragments of a cromlech on a farm called Waenfynydd. Two stones remain; the cap-stone was broken up some years ago. Rev. Hugh Prichard, Memoir on Castellor, &c., Arch. Cambr., fourth series, vol. ii. p. 53.

Archaeologia Cambrensis 1876 Pages 51-66. Two stones of a cromlech [Waenfynydd aka Castellor Burial Chamber [Map]], the largest of which measures superficially 9 feet by 5½ feet, and is 3 feet thick, are at present the only perceptible antiquities on this field with the exception of the large stone mentioned above. The capstone of the cromlech, 15 feet long, was broken up many years ago. On the second field, separated from the first by a farm wall, seven or eight low circles, with several lines of upright stones, mark the sites of early habitations not fully obliterated, and also of structures, concerning the purpose of which it is vain to speculate.