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Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans

Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.

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Lord Deputy of Ireland

Lord Deputy of Ireland is in Deputy.

In 1402 Stephen Scrope [aged 47] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland to Thomas Lancaster 1st Duke of Clarence [aged 14].

In 1451 James Butler 1st Earl Wiltshire 5th Earl Ormonde [aged 30] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

In 1463 Thomas Fitzgerald 7th Earl Desmond was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

In 1468 John "Butcher of England" Tiptoft 1st Earl of Worcester [aged 40] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

In 1468 Thomas Fitzgerald 7th Earl Desmond and Thomas Fitzgerald 7th Earl of Kildare [aged 47] attended Parliament in Drogheda [Map] to answer charges of treason. Both were found guilty and attainted. Thomas Fitzgerald 7th Earl Desmond sought sanctuary in Drogheda Priory [Map] where he was captured by John "Butcher of England" Tiptoft 1st Earl of Worcester [aged 40]. On 14th February 1468 Thomas Fitzgerald 7th Earl Desmond was summarily beheaded. He was buried initially in St Peter's Church Drogheda [Map] then Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin [Map]. Some accounts claim John "Butcher of England" Tiptoft 1st Earl of Worcester also murdered two of his young sons. Thomas Fitzgerald 7th Earl of Kildare escaped and was subsequently pardoned and attainder reversed when King Edward IV found Ireland was ungovernable without him. In 1470 Thomas Fitzgerald 7th Earl of Kildare was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland under George York 1st Duke of Clarence [aged 18] which position he held until the Duke's death in 1478.

On 10th March 1520 Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk [aged 47] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

In 1529 William Skeffington [aged 64] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland to Kign Henry's son Henry Fitzroy 1st Duke Richmond and Somerset [aged 9].

In 1536 Leonard Grey 1st Viscount Grane [aged 57] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

On 7th July 1540 Anthony St Leger [aged 44] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

In 1565 Henry Sidney [aged 36] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

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The History of William Marshal, Earl of Chepstow and Pembroke, Regent of England. Book 1 of 2, Lines 1-10152.

The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.

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Before 25th August 1580 Arthur Grey 14th Baron Grey of Wilton [aged 44] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

In March 1622 Henry Carey 1st Viscount Falkland [aged 47] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland through the favour of George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham [aged 29].

On 10th August 1629 Henry Carey 1st Viscount Falkland [aged 54] was directed to hand over his authority as Lord Deputy of Ireland to the lords justices on the pretext that his services were required in England. King Charles I [aged 28], recognising his good intentions, continued to hold him in favour.

On 12th January 1632 Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford [aged 38] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland arriving in Dublin [Map] in July 1633.

On 13th April 1641 Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford [aged 48] was attainted by 204 votes to 59 ostensibly for his authoritarian rule as Lord Deputy of Ireland. Despite his promise not to King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland [aged 40] signed the death warrant on the 10th May 1641 in the light of increasing pressure from Parliament and the commons.

Wenceslaus Hollar [aged 33]. Engraving of the Trial of Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford with the following marked:

A. King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.

C. Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England [aged 31].

D. King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 10].

E. Thomas Howard 14th or 21st Earl of Arundel 4th Earl of Surrey 1st Earl Norfolk [aged 55], Lord High Steward.

F. Henry Montagu 1st Earl Manchester [aged 78], Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.

G. John Paulet 5th Marquess Winchester [aged 43].

H. Robert Bertie 1st Earl Lindsey [aged 58], Lord Chamberlain.

I. Philip Herbert 4th Earl Pembroke 1st Earl Montgomery [aged 56], Lord Chamberlain of the Household.

V. Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford.

Z. Alethea Talbot Countess Arundel, Surrey and Norfolk [aged 56].

In 1652 Major General Charles Fleetwood [aged 34] was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.

Edward Poynings was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.