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The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Earl of Cumberland is in Earldoms of England Alphabetically, Earldoms of England Chronologically, Extinct Earldoms of England.
Summary
18th June 1525. Henry Clifford 1st Earl of Cumberland (age 32) created. See Knighting of Henry Fitzroy.
22nd April 1542. Son Henry Clifford 2nd Earl of Cumberland (age 25) succeeded.
January 1570. Son George Clifford 3rd Earl of Cumberland (age 11) succeeded.
30th October 1605. Brother Francis Clifford 4th Earl of Cumberland (age 46) succeeded.
4th January 1641. Son Henry Clifford 5th Earl of Cumberland (age 49) succeeded.
11th December 1643. Henry Clifford 5th Earl of Cumberland extinct.
On 18th June 1525 Henry Fitzroy (age 6) was taken by barge to Bridewell Palace [Map] where he was enobled by his father King Henry VIII of England and Ireland (age 33).
In the morning Henry Fitzroy was created 1st Earl Nottingham.
In the afternoon Henry Fitzroy was created 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset.
Henry Percy 5th Earl of Northumberland (age 47) carried the Sword of State. Thomas More (age 47) read the patents of nobility. Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk (age 41), Thomas Grey 2nd Marquess Dorset (age 47),
Henry Courtenay (age 29) was created 1st Marquess Exeter. Gertrude Blount Marchioness of Exeter (age 22) by marriage Marchioness Exeter.
Henry Clifford (age 32) was created 1st Earl of Cumberland, Warden of the West Marches and Governor of Carlisle Castle.
Thomas Manners (age 33) was created 1st Earl of Rutland. Eleanor Paston Countess Rutland (age 30) by marriage Countess of Rutland. He was given the Earldom of Rutland to reflect his descent from Anne York Duchess Exeter sister of the previous Earl of Rutland. At the same time his arms 
Manners Arms were augmented with the 
Manners Augmented Arms
Henry Brandon (age 2) was created 1st Earl Lincoln.
Robert Radclyffe (age 42) was created 1st Viscount Fitzwalter.
Thomas Boleyn 1st Earl Wiltshire and Ormonde (age 48) was created 1st Viscount Rochford. Elizabeth Howard Countess of Wiltshire and Ormonde (age 45) by marriage Viscountess Rochford.
Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk (age 52), William Fitzalan 11th or 18th Earl of Arundel (age 49) and John de Vere 14th Earl of Oxford (age 25) attended.
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On 22nd April 1542 Henry Clifford 1st Earl of Cumberland (age 49) died. He was buried at Holy Trinity Church Skipton [Map]. His son Henry (age 25) succeeded 2nd Earl of Cumberland, 12th Baron de Clifford, 12th Lord Skipton. Eleanor Brandon Countess Cumberland (age 23).
After 1547 Henry Clifford 2nd Earl of Cumberland (age 30) and Anne Dacre Countess Cumberland (age 26) were married. She by marriage Countess of Cumberland. He the son of Henry Clifford 1st Earl of Cumberland and Margaret Percy Baroness Clifford. They were third cousin once removed. He a great x 5 grandson of King Edward III of England. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
In January 1570 Henry Clifford 2nd Earl of Cumberland (age 53) died. His son George (age 11) succeeded 3rd Earl of Cumberland, 13th Baron de Clifford, 13th Lord Skipton. Being underage his wardship went to Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland (age 36) who gave it to Francis Russell 2nd Earl Bedford (age 43) whose daughter George subsequently married.
In 1577 George Clifford 3rd Earl of Cumberland (age 18) and Margaret Russell Countess Cumberland (age 16) were married. She being the daughter of Francis Russell 2nd Earl Bedford (age 50) who had been given George's wardship by Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland (age 43). She by marriage Countess of Cumberland. She the daughter of Francis Russell 2nd Earl Bedford and Margaret St John Countess Bedford. He the son of Henry Clifford 2nd Earl of Cumberland and Anne Dacre Countess Cumberland (age 56). They were third cousins.
Around March 1589 Francis Clifford 4th Earl of Cumberland (age 30) and Grisold Hughes Countess Cumberland were married. She by marriage Countess of Cumberland. He the son of Henry Clifford 2nd Earl of Cumberland and Anne Dacre Countess Cumberland.
On 30th October 1605 George Clifford 3rd Earl of Cumberland (age 47) died. His brother Francis (age 46) succeeded 4th Earl of Cumberland. His daughter Anne (age 15) succeeded 14th Baroness de Clifford.
Francis Clifford 4th Earl of Cumberland bequeathed to Anne the sum of £15,000 in lieu of the estates she was legally entitled to. She engaged in a long and complex legal battle to obtain the family estates. In 1643, when Henry Clifford 5th Earl of Cumberland (age 14) died she regained her estates.
Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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On 4th January 1641 Francis Clifford 4th Earl of Cumberland (age 82) died. His son Henry (age 49) succeeded 5th Earl of Cumberland. Frances Cecil Countess Cumberland (age 48) by marriage Countess of Cumberland.
On 11th December 1643 Henry Clifford 5th Earl of Cumberland (age 52) died. Earl of Cumberland extinct. His daughter Elizabeth (age 30) succeeded 2nd Baroness Clifford.
Anne Clifford Countess Dorset and Pembroke (age 53) regained the estates she had been legally entitled to since her father died in 1605.