1190-1200 Crusade and Richard I Captured

Chronicum Anglicanum by Ralph Coggeshall. 16th March 1190. For at York, more than four hundred Jews had taken refuge in the royal fortress to escape the persecution of the Christians, who had gathered there for the county assembly. Nevertheless, they were besieged and fiercely attacked by certain knights and citizens of the aforementioned city. When they could no longer withstand the assaults of their besiegers and all hope of escape was lost, they voluntarily brought upon themselves a wretched death out of fear of a more dreadful fate. They chose to perish by mutual slaughter rather than be savagely and disgracefully butchered by their persecutors' fury. Now, among them was a man of advanced age and well-versed in Mosaic law, whom they called Rabbi. All, from the least to the greatest, listened to him. He encouraged them to accept such a horrific manner of death through exhortations and by citing the exemplary teachings of the forefathers in the Old Law. And so, nearly all of them, except for a few who later pretended to convert to belief in the Lord Jesus, obeyed his urging. Taking up a knife, he cut the throats and arteries of each one, having first thrown their wealth into the filthy water that ran below. At last, he likewise took his own life in the same manner. Thus, the enemies of the Christian name left their bodies unburied, exposed to dogs and birds, while their souls were consigned to eternal torment in the flames of Hell.

Nam cum apud Eboracum quadringenti et eo amplius Judæi in munitione regia inclusi haberentur, ob persecutionem Christianorum, qui tunc ad comitatus convenerant, declinandam, nihilominus tamen a quibusdam militibus et prædictæ urbis civibus sunt obsessi et acrius expugnati. Cumque assultus expugnantium diutius ferre non possent, et jam omnis spes evadendi sublata fuisset, miserabilem mortem dirioris mortis metu voluntarie sibi ipsimet accersierunt, eligentes potius mutua c®de deperire quam persequentium rabie truculentius atque impudentius jugulari. Erat autem quidam inter eos natu major et in lege Mosaica instructior, quem Rabi cognominabant, cui omnes auscultabant, a minimo usque ad maximum, qui eosdem ad tam horribile genus mortis exhortationibus et exemplari doctrina patrum in Veteri Lege præcedentium, animaveret. Cumque fere omnes, exceptis quibusdam paucis, qui se postmodum in Dominum Jesum credere simularunt, ejus hortatui obtemperarent, ille, arrepto cultro, incidit fibras gutturis singulorum cum arteriis, projectis prius eorum pecuniis in aqua ccenulenta, que subtus decurrebat, ac tandem semetipsum simili morte jugulans. Sicque inimici Christiani nominis cadavers inhumata canibus et avibus exposuerunt; animas vero gehennalibus flammis in perpetuum cruciandas tradentes.

Gesta Regis Henrici by Benedict of Peterborough. 16th March 1190. In the same year, in the month of March, on the seventeenth day before the Kalends of April, being Palm Sunday, five hundred Jews of the city of York, both men and women, excluding small children, fearing an attack from the Christians, took refuge in the tower of York. They did so with the consent and approval of the castle's custodian and the sheriff. However, when the sheriff and the custodian of the tower attempted to reclaim control, the Jews refused to surrender it to them. This refusal greatly angered the sheriff and the castle's custodian, who then urged the knights of the shire and the townspeople to storm the tower and drive out the Jews. As the Christians laid siege to the tower day and night, the Jews, desperate to save their lives, offered a large sum of money in exchange for peace. But the people refused to accept any ransom. Then, a certain Jewish legal scholar stood up and addressed his fellow Israelites, saying: "Men of Israel, listen to my counsel. It is better for us to die for our law than to fall into the hands of the enemies of our faith; and indeed, our law itself commands this."

Eodem anno, mense Martio, xviio. kalendas Aprilis, Dominica in Ramis Palmarum, Judai civitatis Eboraci numero quingenti, viri ac mulieres exceptis parvulis, timentes impetum Christianorum, incluserunt se infra: turrim Eboraci consensu et voluntate custodis ejusdem turris et vicecomitis. Qua cum idem vicecomes et custos turris recepissent, Judi noluerunt eis illam tradere, unde vicecomes et custos turris valde indignati sunt; et in quantum poterant hortabantur milites co mitatus et homines civitatis, ut turrim liberarent a Judeis illis. Qui cum insultum fecissent in turrim die ac nocte, Judai obtulerunt pecuniam magnam oppido pro vita habenda; et noluit populus recipere. Tunc surrexit quidam legisperitus et ait, "Viri Israelitæ, audite consilium meum. Melius est nobis nobis mori pro lege nostra, quam incidere in manus inimicorum legis nostra; et illud idem precepit lex nostra".

Chronicum Anglicanum by Ralph Coggeshall. In this same year [1192] the bones of the most famous Arthur, once king of Britain, were found at Glastonbury, enclosed in a very ancient coffin, near which stood two old stone monuments, upon which certain letters had been carved, but they could not be read on account of great barbarism and defacement. They were discovered on this occasion: for while the ground was being dug there to bury a certain monk, who in his lifetime had with great desire chosen this place of burial, they came upon a certain coffin, upon which a leaden cross had been placed, on which was engraved thus: 'Here lies the renowned King Arthur, buried in the Isle of Avalon.' But that place, once surrounded by marshes, was called the Isle of Avalon, that is, the Isle of Apples.¹

Hoc autem anno inventa sunt apud Glastingeberiam ossa famosissimi Arturi, quondam regis Britanniæ, in quodam vetustissimo sarcophago recondita, circa quod duæ antiquæ pyramides stabant erectæ, in quibus litteræ quædam exaratæ erant, sed ob nimiam barbariem et deformationem legi non poterant. Inventa sunt autem hac occasione. Dum enim ibidem terram effoderent ut quemdam monachum sepelirent, qui hunc locum sepulturæ vehementi desiderio in vita sua præoptaverat, reperiunt quoddam sarcophagum, cui crux plumbea superposita fuerat, in qua ita exaratum erat, "Hic jacet inclitus rex Arturius, in insula Avallonis sepultus." Locus autem ille olim paludibus inclusus, insula Avallonis, (id est, insula Pomorum) vocitatus est.

Note 1. Account of Gerald of Wales from his 'Instruction for Princes': "The body of this man, about whom tales had fabricated that he was almost a phantom in the end, and as if carried off to distant places by spirits, not subject to death, was, in our own days, discovered at Glastonbury, between two stone monuments once erected in the holy cemetery, buried deep in the earth in a hollowed oak, and marked with wondrous signs and, as it were, miraculous indications. And it was translated with honour into the church and committed to a marble tomb fittingly. Moreover, there was a leaden cross beneath the stone laid underneath (not above, as is the custom in our days, but rather fixed on the lower part), which we ourselves also saw, for we handled it, which contained this inscription, cut into the letters, not raised and standing out, but rather turned inward toward the stone: 'Here lies buried the famous King Arthur, with Guinevere his second wife, in the Isle of Avalon.'"

Chronicum Anglicanum by Ralph Coggeshall. While the king was resting with his weary army at Acre for scarcely three days, and was considering his speedy return, behold, sorrowful messengers arrived, sent from Jaffa to the king, announcing that Saladin with his whole army had besieged Jaffa; and that the city would very quickly be captured, and all the knights and servants whom he had stationed there for its defense would be slaughtered, unless by swift relief he should bring aid to the besieged. On hearing this, the entire army of the Christians groaned deeply and was very greatly terrified. But King Richard, greatly dismayed in spirit by such news, tried, both by himself and through others, to recall the Duke of Burgundy, who was offended, to peace and concord, and earnestly begged him to bring some help to so great a calamity. But the duke, disdaining to listen to their pleas, and unwilling to be troubled by their importunate request, set out by night with his men on the road toward Tyre. When he arrived there, immediately, by divine judgment, he was struck terribly, and with his mind deranged, ended his life by a miserable death. Meanwhile, the king at once, and a certain part of his army, boarded prowed ships, and committed their sails to the winds. But the ships, driven back in the opposite direction by the force of the winds and the violence of the waves, were for a long time carried toward Cyprus. Seeing this, those who had remained on land were struck with excessive grief and fear, and secretly suspected that the king was retreating homeward. But the king, with those who were with him, violently rowing against the fury of the winds, plowed the sea obliquely, and on the third day, as the dawn was already glowing, landed at the port of Joppa with only three ships.

Rege autem apud Ptolomaida cum fesso exercitu vix per triduum quiescente, atque de celeri ejus reditu providente, adsunt flebiles nuncii a Jope usque ad regem directi, nunciantes Saláádinum cum universo exercitu Jopen obsedisse; civitatemque celeriter fore capiendam, omnesque milites et servos, quos ob custodiam ibi collocaverat, trucidandos, nisi celeri subventione obsessis præsidium ferat. Quo audito, omnis Christianorum exercitus graviter ingemuit, valdeque perterritus est. Rex vero Ricardus, de tali rumore valde animo consternatus, ducem Burgundiæ offensum, tum per se, tum per alios, ad pacem et concordiam revocare studuit, atque obnixius rogavit ut tantæ calamitati aliquod subsidium ferat; quorum preces dux audire dedignans, eorumque importuna postulatione inquietari nolens, nocte iter cum suis versus Tyrum arripuit. Quo dum perveniret, confestim divino judicio terribiliter percussus, menteque alienatus, vitam miserabili morte terminavit. Rex autem illico et quædam pars exercitus sui rostratas naves conscendunt, ac vela ventis committunt. Sed naves, vi ventorum ac sævitia fluctuum in contrarium retortæ, versus Cyprum diutius impelluntur; quod videntes qui in terra remanserant, nimio dolore ac timore perculsi, regem latenter repatriare suspicantur. Rex vero et qui cum eo erant, contra rabiem ventorum violento remigio æquora ex obliquo sulcantes, cum tribus tantum navibus tertia die, rutilante jam aurora, in portu Jopensi applicuerunt.

Chronicum Anglicanum by Ralph Coggeshall. In the year 1194, King Richard, having already paid the greater part of his ransom, and having given many hostages for the remainder that was still to be paid, on the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Mary [2nd February]¹ was freed from all custody of the emperor, and was permitted to return to his own kingdom. Journeying with his mother and the chancellor through the land of the Duke of Louvain toward the British sea, he waited for a long time at Antwerp for a suitable time to cross. On the Sunday after the feast of Saint Gregory he landed in England at the port of Sandwich, with great rejoicing. And at the very hour when the king arrived with his company, namely, the second hour of the day, the sun shining with great brightness, there appeared a most serene and unusual radiance, not far distant from the sun, about the height and breadth of a human body, containing within itself a shining whiteness and a reddish hue, like the likeness of a rainbow. Many who gazed upon this brightness declared that the king had come ashore in England. The king immediately set out for Canterbury, where devoutly he visited Blessed Thomas; then proceeding to London, he was received by the citizens of London with the greatest pomp of joy, the whole city being adorned in many ways and decorated with countless riches in anticipation of the king’s arrival. And when news of the king’s coming spread, both nobles and commoners hastened eagerly to meet the returning king, longing greatly to see him come back from captivity, whom they had feared would never return.

Anno MCXCIV. Rex Ricardus, maxima jam parte redemptionis suæ persoluta, datisque pluribus obsidibus pro reliqua parte quæ restabat persolvenda, die Purificationis beatæ Mariæ ab omni custodia imperatoris liber effectus est, et ad proprium regnum redire permissus. Qui cum matre sua et cancellario per terram ducis Luvanæ ad mare Britannicum proficiscens, apud Andeworpe aptum tempus transfretandi diutius exspectavit; qui in die Dominica post festum Sancti Gregorii in Angliam cum magno gaudio ad portum Sandwicensem applicuit. Hora autem qua rex cum suis applicuit, scilicet secunda hora diei, sole clarius rutilante, apparuit quidam serenissimus atque insolitus splendor, non longius a sole distans, quasi ad longitudinem et latitudinem humani corporis, candorem præfulgidum atque rubedinem quasi species iridis in se continens; quem splendorem plures intuentes, pronunciabant regem in Anglia fore appulsum. Rex autem illico Cantuariam profectus, beatum Thomam devotus expetiit; deinde Londoniam proficiscens, a civibus Londoniæ cum maxima lætitiæ pompa exceptus est, universa civitate contra regis adventum innumerabilium opum varietate decorata atque multiformiter adornata. Audito autem regis adventu, nobiles pariter et ignobiles adventanti regi cum magna alacritate occurrunt, cernere plurimum cupientes a captivitate regressum, quem pertimuerant nunquam reversurum.

Note 1. The letter from Walter, archbishop of Rouen to Ralph de Diceto has the 4th February: "Let your love know that after we had come to our most beloved lord, the illustrious king of the English, we wrote to no one in England, nor up to the morrow [4th February 1194] of Saint Blaise did we hear anything worth reporting and worthy to be written to you. But on that day the merciful Lord visited his people at Mainz in the liberation of our lord the king. For while we were standing by the lord king until the ninth hour, the archbishops of Mainz and Cologne, speaking before the lord emperor and the lord king and the duke of Austria concerning the king’s release, after many anxieties and labours, the same archbishops, who had devoted the greatest effort to securing the king’s release, came before the lady queen, and before us, and the bishops of Bath, Ely, and Saintes, and many other nobles, and approached the lord king, bringing him a brief but joyful word. It was this: that the lord emperor signified to him that, though he had long held him in his custody, yet he now released him and set him free, that henceforth he might have power over himself."

Chronicle of Roger de Hoveden. [22nd February 1194] And it should be known that the King of England was in the captivity of the Emperor for the space of one year, six weeks, and three days. But when the king was freed, all who were present wept for joy. Then the Emperor granted the king safe conduct up to the port of Antwerp. When the king arrived in Cologne, the Archbishop of Cologne received him with great joy; and in celebration of his liberation, he celebrated Mass¹ with the following words: ‘Now I know for certain that the Lord has sent His angel and has delivered me from the hand of Herod and from the expectation of the Jewish people,' etc². And when the king departed from there, the aforementioned archbishop accompanied him as far as the port of Antwerp, where the Rhine River flows into the sea.

Et est sciendum, quod rex Angliæ fuit in captione imperatoris per spatium unius anni, et sex bebdomadarum, et trium dierum. Liberato autem rege, omnes qui aderant præ gaudio lacrymati sunt. Deinde imperator tradidit regi salvum conductum, usque ad portum de Amvers. Cumque rex Coloniam venisset, archiepiscopus Colonize recepit eum cum gaudio; et pro exultatione liberationis illius celebravit Missam in hunc modum, "Nunc scio vere quia misit Dominus" angelum Suum, et eripuit me de manu Herodis, et "de exspectatione plebis Judeorum," etc. Et cum rex inde recederet, prædictus archiepiscopus conduxit eum usque ad portum de Amvers, ubi Renus fluvius cadit in mare.

Note 1. missam. These words are the introit of the feast Ad Vincula S. Petri, August 1. On the 22nd of February is the feast of S. Peter's Chair at Antioch, which has no special service in the Missal, but follows the rite of S. Peter's Chair at Rome, Jan. 18. We must suppose then that Adolf substituted for the service of Jan. 18 that of Aug. 1, by a convenient and courtier-like mistake, on the 22nd of February, on which day it seems most probable that the incident occurred.

Note 2. See R. de Diceto, c. 672. On this occasion Richard granted a charter to the merchants of Cologne, relieving them from a payment of two shillings paid annually for their guild-hall in London. Pauli, Bilder aus Alt-England, p. 151. The charter as given in Sartorius, Urkundliclic Geschichte der Ursprunges der Deutsdien Hanse, ed. Lappenberg, ii. 11, is dated at Louvain, Feb. 6: but this is impossible.

Chronicle of Roger de Hoveden. 17th April 1194. On the seventeenth day of April, a Sunday within the Octave of Easter, a great assembly gathered in the Church of St. Swithun [Map]. Present were: Hubert (age 34), Archbishop of Canterbury, John (age 44), Archbishop of Dublin, Hugh (age 69), Bishop of Durham, Hugh of Lincoln, Richard of London, Gilbert of Rochester, William of Ely, Seffrid of Chichester, Henry of Exeter, William of Hereford, the Bishop of Worcester, the Bishop of St. David's, and the Bishop of Bangor, together with many abbots, clergy, and laypeople. Richard, King of England, clothed in royal garments and wearing a golden crown on his head, came forth from his chamber already crowned. He held in his right hand the royal sceptre, topped with the sign of the cross, and in his left hand a golden rod, topped with the figure of a dove. On his right walked William, Bishop of Ely, his chancellor, and on his left, Richard, Bishop of London. Preceding them in ordered procession were the archbishops, bishops, abbots, monks, and clerics. Following the king were earls, barons, knights, and a great multitude of common people.

And a silken canopy, supported by four lances, was carried above the king [King Richard "Lionheart" I of England (age 36)] by four earls: Roger Bigod (age 50), Earl of Norfolk, William, Earl of the Isle of Wight, the Earl of Salisbury (age 18), the Earl of Ferrers (age 26).Three swords taken from the royal treasury were carried before the king: one sword was carried by William (age 51), King of Scotland. another was borne by Hamelin (age 65), Earl of Warenne. The third was carried by Ranulf (age 24), Earl of Chester. Among them, the King of Scotland walked in the middle, with the Earl of Warenne at his right and the Earl of Chester at his left.

Septima decima die mensis Aprilis, die Dominica in octavis Paschæ, convenientibus in unum in ecclesia Sancti Swithuni Huberto Cantuariensi, et Johanne Dublinensi archiepiscopis; et Hugone Dunelmensi, et Hugone Lincolniensi, et Ricardo Londoniensi, et Gilberto Roffensi, et Willelmo Eliensi, et Sefrido Cicestrensi, et Henrico Exoniensi, et¹.... Willelmo Herefordensi, et Wigornensi, et de S. David, et¹.... Pangorensi episcopis; et abbatibus multis, et clero et populo; Ricardus rex Angliæ vestimentis regalibus indutus, coronam auream habens in capite,² processit de thalamo suo coronatus, gestans in manu sua dextra sceptrum regale, cujus sum mitate habetur signum crucis, et in manu sinistra virgam auream, in cujus summitate habetur species columbz et a dextris ejus ibat Willelmus Eliensis episcopus, cancellarius suus, et a sinistris Ricardus Londoniensis episcopus. Præcedebat quoque eos ordinata processio archiepiscoporum et episcoporum, et abbatum, et monachorum et clericorum. Comites vero, et barones, et milites, et magna plebis multitudo, sequebantur regem.

Et pannus sericus quatuor lanceis superpositus ferebatur supra regem a quatuor comitibus: videlicet, Rogero Bigot comite de Norfolchia, et Willelmo comite de Insula Vectæ et—comite Salesbiriensi, et—comite de Ferreres. Et tres gladii de thesauro regis sumpti gestabantur ante regem; quorum unum gestabat Willelmus rex Scottorum, et alterum portabat Hamelinus comes de Warenna, et tertium gestabat Ranulfus comes Cestriæ: medius autem illorum ibat rex Scottorum, et comes Warennæ a dextris ejus, et comes Cestriæ a sinistris ejus.

Note 1. blanks for names of the bishops of Worcester and Bangor.

Note 2. coronam auream habens in capite. It is worthwhile remarking that notwithstanding the political significance given to this second coronation of Richard, it was a ceremony different in kind from the first, and far more in itself analogous to the great crown-wearing days of the earlier Norman kings. The king receives the crown from the archbishop privately (Gerv. l.?S7), and presents himself to the people already crowned and in his royal robes. It is not so much a renewal of his "inauguration" after an eclipse of dignity or even a loss of it, as an assertion that that dignity has undergone no diminution. The day and place recall the Easter crown-wearing of William the Conqueror at Winchester. Gervase was reminded by them of the Canterbury crowning of king Stephen, c. 1588.

Chronicum Anglicanum by Ralph Coggeshall. Accordingly, after all his adversaries in England had been subdued in a short time, King Richard, on the octave of Easter,¹ was crowned at Winchester by the counsel of his nobles, though somewhat unwillingly, the Mass being celebrated by Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, who the previous year, returning from Jerusalem, had been consecrated archbishop. Immediately after this, the king crossed over into Normandy.

Subactis igitur in Anglia omnibus in brevi adversariis, rex Ricardus in octavis Paschae apud Winto niam consilio procerum suorum, licet aliquantulum renitens, coronatus est, archiepiscopo Cantuariensi Huberto Waltero missam celebrante, qui anno præterito a Hierosolyma regrediens in archiepiscopum est consecratus. Statim post hæc, rex in Normanniam transfretavit.

Note 1. Roger of Hoveden: "On the seventeenth day of April, a Sunday within the Octave of Easter, a great assembly gathered in the Church of St. Swithun. Present were: Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, John, Archbishop of Dublin, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, Hugh of Lincoln, Richard of London, Gilbert of Rochester, William of Ely, Seffrid of Chichester, Henry of Exeter, William of Hereford, the Bishop of Worcester, the Bishop of St. David's, and the Bishop of Bangor, together with many abbots, clergy, and laypeople. Richard, King of England, clothed in royal garments and wearing a golden crown on his head, came forth from his chamber already crowned. He held in his right hand the royal sceptre, topped with the sign of the cross, and in his left hand a golden rod, topped with the figure of a dove. On his right walked William, Bishop of Ely, his chancellor, and on his left, Richard, Bishop of London. Preceding them in ordered procession were the archbishops, bishops, abbots, monks, and clerics. Following the king were earls, barons, knights, and a great multitude of common people."

Chronicum Anglicanum by Ralph Coggeshall. [27th September 1198] About this time the Count of Flanders besieged that noble castle of Saint-Omer. The besieged, however, sent word to King Philip to bring relief to the siege within a certain named period; but when he did not come to their aid, they surrendered the castle to the count. At that same time, the king of England entered the land of the king of France near Dangu, and took the castle of Courcelles with its tower, and drove the king of France himself, who was coming from Mantes with his army to give aid, into flight as far as the gates of Gisors, where his army was for the most part routed, and many nobles were taken prisoner.¹ How and in what manner, and at what time of the year this happened, the letters which King Richard sent to his chancellor, E., bishop of Ely, then in England, declare more plainly. The tenor of which is as follows:

Circa hoc tempus, comes Flandrensis illud præclarum castrum de Sancto Omero obsedit. Obsessi vero regi Philippo mandant ut obsidioni succurrat infra terminum quemdam nominatum; quo non opem ferente, reddiderunt castrum comiti. Quo in tempore, rex Anglorum intravit terram regis Franciæ apud Dangu, et cepit castrum de Curcellis, cum turri, ipsumque regem Galliæ, qui veniebat de Mantua cum exercitu suo in auxilium, fugavit usque ad portas Gisortii, ubi ejus exercitus magna ex parte fusus est, et plures nobiles capti sunt. Quomodo autem et qualiter, et quo anni hujus tempore id factum fuerit, literæ quas rex Ricardus cancellario suo E. episcopo Elyensi, tunc in Anglia constituto, direxit, expressius indicant, quarum tenor hujuscemodi est:

Note 1. Ralph de Decito: "King Richard of England entered the land of the king of France with a great army on the fifth day before the Kalends of October, and captured the castle of Courcelles and of Burris, and a third castle, Siret-Fontaines. On the next day [27th September 1198], the king of France came from Mantes with four hundred knights, and with his sergeants and his commons, to relieve the castle of Courcelles, which he did not believe had been captured. Therefore, as soon as the king of England learned of his coming, he pursued him as he turned to flight, and pressed him so hard at the gate of Gisors that the bridge collapsed beneath him, and twenty of his knights were drowned. Meanwhile the king of England, with his own lance, struck down Matthew of Montmorency and Alain of Lusignan and Fulk of Gilerval, and held them captive. And up to a hundred knights were taken with them, and sergeants beyond number. Two hundred destriers were captured, of which one hundred and forty were covered in armour."

Chronicum Anglicanum by Ralph Coggeshall. When diligent medicines and poultices had been applied, afterwards the inflicted wounds began to worsen and to blacken, and from day to day to swell all the more, and finally to threaten death, the king meanwhile being disobedient and disregarding the commands of the physicians. All his attendants were kept away from entering the chamber in which he lay, except for four of the more noble men, who were freely allowed to visit him, lest the report of his illness should more quickly be spread abroad. The king, being very uncertain about regaining health, summoned by letter his mother, who was dwelling at Fontevraud. He prepared for his end by receiving the life-giving sacrament of the Lord’s Body, first making confession to one of his chaplains, although, out of reverence for so great a mystery, he is said to have refrained for nearly seven years from receiving that sacrament, because he bore mortal hatred in his heart against the king of France. He also freely forgave the man who had struck him with the fatal blow. And so, on the seventh of the Ides of April [6th April 1199] namely the eleventh day after the wound was inflicted on him, anointed with holy oil, when the day was drawing to a close, he closed his last day. His body, disemboweled, was carried to the nuns of Fontevraud, and on Palm Sunday was buried with royal honour beside his father by the bishop of Lincoln.

Appositis igitur diligenter medicaminibus et emplastris, postmodum coeperunt vulnera inflicta deteriorari et nigrescere, atque de die in diem amplius intumescere, tandemque mortem minari, rege incontinenter se habente et præcepta medicorum non curante. Arcebantur omnes sui ab introitu cubiculi in quo decumbebat, exceptis quatuor de nobilioribus, qui ad eum visitandum libere introibant, ne fama ægritudinis ejus citius per publicum divulgaretur. Rex autem de sospitate consequenda nimis incertus, matrem, quæ apud Fontem Ebraldi morabatur, literis accersivit; exitum suum vivifico sacramento Dominici corporis inunivit, confessione præmissa a quodam suo capellano, a cujus sacramenti perceptione, ob tanti mysterii reverentiam, fere per septennium, ut dicunt, abstinuerat, eo quod mortale odium erga regem Galliæ in corde gestaverat. Mortem etiam sibi illatam percussori suo libenter indulsit; sicque septimo idus Aprilis, scilicet undecimo die a vulnere sibi illato, oleo sacro inunctus, cum jam dies clauderetur, diem clausit extremum. Cujus corpus exenteratum, et apud sanctimoniales Fontis Ebraldi delatum, Dominica in Palmis, juxta patrem suum regio honore ab episcopo Lincolniensi humatum est.