William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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Earl Richmond is in Earldoms of England Alphabetically.
1204 Death of Arthur Duke of Brittany
18th February 1478 Execution of George Duke of Clarence
There have been eight creations of Earl Richmond:
1st. 1136. Alan "Black" Penthièvre 1st Earl Richmond. Extinct. 1221.
2nd. 1218. Peter of Dreux aka Mauclerc Duke Brittany. Extinct. 26th December 1458.
3rd. April 1240. Peter of Savoy 1st Earl of Richmond. Merged with the Crown. 15th May 1268.
4th. 30th April 1341. Robert III Artois. Extinct. 6th October 1342.
5th. 1351. John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster. Renounced. September 1372.
6th. 24th November 1413. John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford. Extinct. 14th September 1435. Death of John of Bedford.
7th. 15th December 1449. Edmund Tudor 1st Earl Richmond. Merged with the Crown. 30th October 1485. Coronation of Henry VII.
8th. 1461. George York 1st Duke of Clarence. Forfeit. 6th July 1483. Coronation of King Richard III.
Earl Richmond is also in Earldoms of England Chronologically, Succeeded Countesses of England, Extinct Earldoms of England.
Summary
1136. Alan "Black" Penthièvre 1st Earl Richmond [aged 36] created.
15th September 1146. Son Conan "The Young" Penthièvre IV Duke Brittany [aged 8] succeeded.
20th February 1171. Daughter Constance Penthièvre Duchess Brittany [aged 10] succeeded.
5th September 1201. Son Prince Arthur 3rd Duke Brittany [aged 14] succeeded.
1204. Half Sister Alix Thouars Duchess of Brittany [aged 2] succeeded. See Death of Arthur Duke of Brittany.
1221. Alix Thouars Duchess of Brittany extinct.
In 1136 Alan "Black" Penthièvre 1st Earl Richmond [aged 36] was created 1st Earl Richmond.
Before 1138 Alan "Black" Penthièvre 1st Earl Richmond [aged 38] and Bertha Canhiart I Duchess Brittany [aged 13] were married. She by marriage Countess Richmond. The difference in their ages was 25 years. She the daughter of Conan "Fat" Canhiart III Duke Brittany [aged 41] and Matilda Fitzroy Duchess Brittany. He the son of Stephen Penthièvre Count Tréguier and Hawise Guingamp. They were half second cousin once removed. She a granddaughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England.
On 15th September 1146 Alan "Black" Penthièvre 1st Earl Richmond [aged 46] died at Brittany [Map]. His son Conan [aged 8] succeeded 2nd Earl Richmond.
On 20th February 1171 Conan "The Young" Penthièvre IV Duke Brittany [aged 33] died. His daughter Constance [aged 10] succeeded Duchess Brittany, 3rd Countess Richmond.
On 5th September 1201 Constance Penthièvre Duchess Brittany [aged 40] died. Her son Prince [aged 14] succeeded 3rd Duke Brittany, 4th Earl Richmond.
In 1204 Prince Arthur 3rd Duke Brittany [aged 16] was murdered at Rouen, France [Map]. His half sister Alix [aged 2] succeeded 5th Countess Richmond. His half-sister Eleanor "Fair Maid of Britanny" 4th Countess of Richmond [aged 20], who was imprisoned from 1202 to her death, also used the title Countess of Richmond.
In or before 1217 Peter of Dreux aka Mauclerc Duke Brittany [aged 29] and Alix Thouars Duchess of Brittany [aged 15] were married. He by marriage Duke Brittany 1221 Dreux, Earl Richmond. She the daughter of Guy Thouars and Constance Penthièvre Duchess Brittany. He the son of Robert Capet II Count Dreux [aged 62] and Yolande Coucy Countess Dreux [aged 52]. They were fourth cousins. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England.
In 1221 Alix Thouars Duchess of Brittany [aged 19] died. Earl Richmond extinct. It isn't clear why her son didn't inherit the title? Her husband had been created Earl Richmond in his own right in 1218 so possible her son didn't inherit the first, contested, creation since he would succeed to the second creation.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 2nd October 1386 John Montfort V Duke Brittany [aged 47] and Joanna of Navarre Queen Consort England [aged 16] were married at Saillé [Map]. She by marriage Duchess Brittany 1221 Dreux, Countess Richmond. His third marriage, her first. The marriage proceeded when her father Charles "Bad" II King Navarre [aged 53] agreed to give his daughter 120,000 gold francs and to pay 6,000 francs owed to John, duke of Brittany, for the rent of certain lands. He, John, gave her the cities of Nantes [Map] and Guerrand [Map]. The difference in their ages was 31 years. She the daughter of Charles "Bad" II King Navarre and Joan Valois Queen Consort Navarre. They were second cousin twice removed. He a great x 2 grandson of King Henry III of England. She a great x 4 granddaughter of King Henry III of England.
Earl Richmond is also in Earldoms of England Chronologically, Forfeit Earldoms of England, Extinct Earldoms of England.
Summary
1218. Peter of Dreux aka Mauclerc Duke Brittany [aged 31] created.
1235. Peter of Dreux aka Mauclerc Duke Brittany forfeit.
1268. Son John "The Red" Capet I Duke Brittany [aged 50] restored.
8th October 1286. Son John II Duke Brittany [aged 47] succeeded.
1296. John II Duke Brittany forfeit.
15th October 1306. Son John Capet 4th Earl Richmond [aged 40] restored.
17th January 1334. Nephew John III Duke Brittany [aged 47] succeeded.
30th April 1341. John III Duke Brittany forfeit.
1372. Nephew John Montfort V Duke Brittany [aged 33] restored.
1st November 1399. Son Arthur Montfort III Duke Brittany [aged 6] succeeded.
26th December 1458. Arthur Montfort III Duke Brittany extinct.
In 1218 Peter of Dreux aka Mauclerc Duke Brittany [aged 31] was created 1st Earl Richmond.
In 1235 Peter of Dreux aka Mauclerc Duke Brittany [aged 48]. Earl Richmond since he was then aligned to the Kingdom of France.
In 1268 John "The Red" Capet I Duke Brittany [aged 50] was restored 2nd Earl Richmond.
On 8th October 1286 John "The Red" Capet I Duke Brittany [aged 68] died. His son John [aged 47] succeeded 2nd Duke Brittany 1221 Dreux, 3rd Earl Richmond.
Around 1296 John II Duke Brittany [aged 57] was deprived of the Earldom of Richmond since he had begun to support France.
On 15th October 1306 John Capet 4th Earl Richmond [aged 40] was restored 4th Earl Richmond.
On 17th January 1334 John Capet 4th Earl Richmond [aged 68] died. His nephew John [aged 47] succeeded 5th Earl Richmond.
On 30th April 1341 John III Duke Brittany [aged 55] died at Caen [Map]. Earl Richmond suspended. The succession of the Duchy of Brittany was disputed between Joan "Lame" Capet Countess Penthièvre [aged 22] and John Montfort IV Duke Brittany [aged 46] leading to the War of the Breton Succession. His niece Joan succeeded Duchess Brittany 1221 Dreux. Charles of Blois Duke Brittany [aged 22] by marriage Duke Brittany 1221 Dreux. His half brother John succeeded IV Duke Brittany 1221 Dreux. Joanna of Flanders Duchess Brittany [aged 46] by marriage Duchess Brittany 1221 Dreux.
In 1372 John Montfort V Duke Brittany [aged 33] was restored 6th Earl Richmond. Joan Holland Duchess Brittany [aged 22] by marriage Countess Richmond.
On 1st November 1399 John Montfort V Duke Brittany [aged 60] died. His son John [aged 9] succeeded V Duke Brittany 1221 Dreux. His son Arthur [aged 6] succeeded 7th Earl Richmond.
On 26th December 1458 Arthur Montfort III Duke Brittany [aged 65] died. Earl Richmond extinct.
Earl Richmond is also in Earldoms of England Chronologically, Merged with the Crown Earldoms of England.
Summary
April 1240. Peter of Savoy 1st Earl of Richmond [aged 37] created.
15th May 1268. Eleanor of Provence Queen Consort England [aged 45] merged with the crown.
In April 1240 Peter of Savoy 1st Earl of Richmond [aged 37] was created 1st Earl Richmond although he never used the title. He had been granted the honour of Richmond rather than the Earldom.
On 15th May 1268 Peter of Savoy 1st Earl of Richmond [aged 65] died. He left the Honour of Richmond to his niece Eleanor of Provence Queen Consort England [aged 45] who transferred it to the crown.
Earl Richmond is also in Earldoms of England Chronologically, Extinct Earldoms of England.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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Summary
30th April 1341. Robert III Artois [aged 54] created.
6th October 1342. Robert III Artois extinct.
After 30th April 1341 Robert III Artois [aged 54] was created 1st Earl Richmond.
Between 6th October 1342 and 20th November 1342 Robert III Artois [aged 55] died. Earl Richmond extinct.
Earl Richmond is also in Earldoms of England Chronologically, Renounced Earldoms of England.
Summary
1351. John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster [aged 10] created. See 1351 Creation of Peers.
September 1372. John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster renounced.
In 1351 Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster [aged 41] was created 1st Duke Lancaster by King Edward III of England [aged 38]. Isabel Beaumont Duchess Lancaster [aged 31] by marriage Duchess Lancaster.
Lionel of Antwerp 1st Duke of Clarence [aged 12] was created 1st Earl of Ulster.
John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster [aged 10] was created 1st Earl Richmond.
Ralph Stafford 1st Earl Stafford [aged 49] was created 1st Earl Stafford.
On 19th May 1359, or thereabouts, a double-royal wedding celebration took place at Reading Abbey, Berkshire [Map] whereby two children of King Edward III of England [aged 46] were married:
John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster [aged 19] and Blanche Duchess of Lancaster [aged 17] were married. She by marriage Countess Richmond. She the daughter of Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster [aged 49] and Isabel Beaumont Duchess Lancaster [aged 39]. He the son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainaut Queen Consort England [aged 48]. They were half second cousin once removed. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Henry III of England.
John Hastings 2nd Earl Pembroke [aged 11] and Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Pembroke [aged 12] were married. At the time John Hastings 2nd Earl Pembroke was a ward of King Edward III of England who would enjoy the benefit of the substantial revenue of the Earldom of Pembroke until John came of age nine years later in 1368. She died two or so years later probably of plague. She the daughter of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainaut Queen Consort England. He the son of Laurence Hastings 1st Earl Pembroke and Agnes Mortimer Countess of Pembroke [aged 42]. They were half fourth cousins. He a great x 5 grandson of King John of England.
In September 1372 John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster [aged 32] surrendered the Earldom of Richmond to his father King Edward III [aged 59].
Earl Richmond is also in Earldoms of England Chronologically, Extinct Earldoms of England.
Summary
24th November 1413. John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford [aged 24] created.
14th September 1435. John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford extinct. See Death of John of Bedford.
On 24th November 1413 John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford [aged 24] was created 1st Earl Richmond.
On 14th September 1435 John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford [aged 46] died at Rouen Castle [Map] without legitimate issue. Duke Bedford, Duke Bedford, Earl Kendal and Earl Richmond extinct. Humphrey Lancaster 1st Duke Gloucester [aged 44] became heir to the throne.
Earl Richmond is also in Earldoms of England Chronologically, Merged with the Crown Earldoms of England.
Summary
15th December 1449. Edmund Tudor 1st Earl Richmond [aged 19] created.
3rd November 1456. Son King Henry VII of England and Ireland succeeded.
30th October 1485. Cardinal Thomas Bourchier [aged 67] merged with the crown. See Coronation of Henry VII.
On 15th December 1449 Edmund Tudor [aged 19] was created 1st Earl Richmond by King Henry VI of England and II of France [aged 28].
On 1st November 1455 Edmund Tudor 1st Earl Richmond [aged 25] and Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond [aged 12] were married at Bletsoe Castle [Map]. She by marriage Countess Richmond. She the daughter of John Beaufort 1st Duke of Somerset and Margaret Beauchamp Duchess Somerset [aged 45]. He the son of Owen Tudor [aged 55] and Catherine of Valois Queen Consort England. They were half fourth cousin once removed. He a great x 5 grandson of King Edward I of England. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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On 3rd November 1456 Edmund Tudor 1st Earl Richmond [aged 26] died of plague at Carmarthen Castle [Map] leaving his thirteen year old wife Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond [aged 13] pregnant with their child Henry Tudor, the future King Henry VII. His son Henry Tudor succeeded 2nd Earl Richmond posthumously.
On 30th October 1485 King Henry VII of England and Ireland [aged 28] was crowned VII King of England by Cardinal Thomas Bourchier [aged 67] at Westminster Abbey [Map]. Earl Richmond merged with the crown. Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond [aged 42], his mother, attended.
Robert Dymoke [aged 24] attended as the Kings' Champion.
John de Vere 13th Earl of Oxford [aged 43] carried the King's train.
Earl Richmond is also in Earldoms of England Chronologically, Forfeit Earldoms of England.
Summary
1461. George York 1st Duke of Clarence [aged 11] created.
18th February 1478. Brother King Richard III of England [aged 25] succeeded. See 18th February 1478 Execution of George Duke of Clarence.
6th July 1483. Anne Neville Queen Consort England [aged 27] forfeit. See Coronation of King Richard III.
In or after 1461 George York 1st Duke of Clarence [aged 11] was created 1st Earl Richmond. The seventh creation was still extant being held by King Henry VII of England and Ireland [aged 3] which was not recognised by the House of York.
On 18th February 1478 George York 1st Duke of Clarence [aged 28] was drowned in a butt of wine (Malmsey) wine in the Bowyer Tower in the Tower of London [Map]. "in a butt of Malmsey wine" may refer to 1. a butt full of Malmsey wine or 2. a butt that once contained Malmsey wine that was subsequently re-used for another purpose such as washing or bathing.
William Hussey [aged 35] conducted the impeachment of the Duke of Clarence for treason.
Richard, Duke of Gloucester [aged 25] succeeded 2nd Earl Richmond.
The only other person known to have been executed, or ritually killed, by drowning in a butt of wine is Muirchertach mac Muiredaig High King of Ireland (as reported by the Annals of Ulster) in his case at Newgrange Passage Tomb [Map].
On 6th July 1483 King Richard III of England [aged 30] and his wife Anne Neville [aged 27] at Westminster Abbey [Map]. Duke Gloucester, Earl Richmond forfeit merged with the Crown. Cardinal Thomas Bourchier [aged 65] officiated. Anne Neville Queen Consort England by marriage Queen Consort England.
John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 58] was appointed Lord High Steward. William Brandon [aged 58], Thomas Fitzalan 10th or 17th Earl of Arundel [aged 33], Thomas St Leger [aged 43], Richard Hastings Baron Willoughby [aged 50], Elizabeth Woodville Queen Consort England [aged 46], Elizabeth York Duchess Suffolk [aged 39], Giles Daubeney 1st Baron Daubeney [aged 32] and Humphrey Dacre 1st Baron Dacre Gilsland [aged 59] attended.
Robert Dymoke [aged 22] attended as the Kings' Champion.
Edmund Grey 1st Earl Kent [aged 66] carried The Pointed Sword of Justice. Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk [aged 40] carried the Crown. Francis Lovell 1st Viscount Lovell [aged 27] carried the Third Sword of State. John de la Pole 2nd Duke of Suffolk [aged 40] carried the Sceptre. John de la Pole Earl Lincoln 1st [aged 21] carried the Cross and Ball. Henry Stafford 2nd Duke of Buckingham [aged 28] carried the king's train. Edward Stafford 2nd Earl Wiltshire [aged 13] bore the Queen's Crown.
Thomas Stanley 1st Earl of Derby [aged 48] carried the Lord High Constable's Mace. Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond [aged 40] held Queen Anne's train. Henry Percy 4th Earl of Northumberland [aged 34] carried The Blunt Sword of Mercy. Christopher Willoughby 10th Baron Willoughby [aged 30] was appointed Knight of the Bath.
Humphrey Dacre 1st Baron Dacre Gilsland attended.
Cecily "Rose of Raby" Neville Duchess York [aged 68] refused to attend the Coronation of King Richard III. History doesn't record her reason.
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