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The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex

Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex is in Baronies of England Alphabetically.

There have been two creations of Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex:

1st. 14th March 1665. Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington. Extant. 4th August 1936.

2nd. 22nd April 1672. Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington. Abeyant. 4th August 1936. 1936 Limerick Grand Prix.

Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex 1st Creation 1665

Summary

14th March 1665. 1st. Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington [aged 47] created.

28th July 1685. 2nd. Daughter Isabella Bennet Duchess Grafton [aged 17] succeeded.

7th February 1723. 3rd. Son Charles Fitzroy 2nd Duke Grafton [aged 39] succeeded.

6th May 1757. 4th. Grandson Augustus Henry Fitzroy 3rd Duke Grafton [aged 21] succeeded.

14th March 1811. 5th. Son George Henry Fitzroy 4th Duke Grafton [aged 51] succeeded.

28th September 1844. 6th. Son Henry Fitzroy 5th Duke Grafton [aged 54] succeeded.

26th March 1863. 7th. Son William Henry Fitzroy 6th Duke Grafton [aged 43] succeeded.

21st May 1882. 8th. Brother Augustus Charles Lennox Fitzroy 7th Duke Grafton [aged 60] succeeded.

4th December 1918. 9th. Son Alfred Fitzroy 8th Duke Grafton [aged 68] succeeded.

10th January 1930. 10th. Grandson John Charles William Fitzroy 9th Duke Grafton [aged 15] succeeded.

4th August 1936. John Charles William Fitzroy 9th Duke Grafton abeyant. See 1936 Limerick Grand Prix.

1999. 11th. Nephew Jennifer Nelson 11th Baroness Arlington [aged 59] abeyance terminated.

On 14th March 1665 Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington [aged 47] was created 1st Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex with a special remainder allowing it to pass to both male and female descendants. Elisabeth Nassau Beverweert Countess Arlington [aged 31] by marriage Baroness Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 28th July 1685 Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington [aged 67] died. His daughter Isabella [aged 17] succeeded 2nd Countess Arlington, 2nd Viscountess Thetford, 2nd Baroness Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 2nd Baroness Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 7th February 1723 Isabella Bennet Duchess Grafton [aged 55] died. Her son Charles [aged 39] succeeded 3rd Earl Arlington, 3rd Viscount Thetford, 3rd Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 3rd Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 6th May 1757 Charles Fitzroy 2nd Duke Grafton [aged 73] died. His grandson Augustus [aged 21] succeeded 3rd Duke Grafton, 3rd Earl Euston, 3rd Viscount Ipswich, 3rd Baron Sudbury, 4th Earl Arlington, 4th Viscount Thetford, 4th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 4th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Anne Liddell Duchess Grafton [aged 20] by marriage Duchess Grafton.

On 14th March 1811 Augustus Henry Fitzroy 3rd Duke Grafton [aged 75] died. His son George [aged 51] succeeded 4th Duke Grafton, 4th Earl Euston, 4th Viscount Ipswich, 4th Baron Sudbury, 5th Earl Arlington, 5th Viscount Thetford, 5th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 5th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 28th September 1844 George Henry Fitzroy 4th Duke Grafton [aged 84] died. His son Henry [aged 54] succeeded 5th Duke Grafton, 5th Earl Euston, 5th Viscount Ipswich, 5th Baron Sudbury, 6th Earl Arlington, 6th Viscount Thetford, 6th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 6th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Mary Caroline Berkeley Duchess Grafton [aged 49] by marriage Duchess Grafton.

On 26th March 1863 Henry Fitzroy 5th Duke Grafton [aged 73] died at Wakefield Lodge, Pottersbury. His son William [aged 43] succeeded 6th Duke Grafton, 6th Earl Euston, 6th Viscount Ipswich, 6th Baron Sudbury, 7th Earl Arlington, 7th Viscount Thetford, 7th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 7th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Marie Anne Louise Baring Duchess Grafton [aged 30] by marriage Duchess Grafton.

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Adam Murimuth's Continuation and Robert of Avesbury’s 'The Wonderful Deeds of King Edward III'

This volume brings together two of the most important contemporary chronicles for the reign of Edward III and the opening phases of the Hundred Years’ War. Written in Latin by English clerical observers, these texts provide a vivid and authoritative window into the political, diplomatic, and military history of fourteenth-century England and its continental ambitions. Adam Murimuth Continuatio's Chronicarum continues an earlier chronicle into the mid-fourteenth century, offering concise but valuable notices on royal policy, foreign relations, and ecclesiastical affairs. Its annalistic structure makes it especially useful for establishing chronology and tracing the development of events year by year. Complementing it, Robert of Avesbury’s De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi tertii is a rich documentary chronicle preserving letters, treaties, and official records alongside narrative passages. It is an indispensable source for understanding Edward III’s claim to the French crown, the conduct of war, and the mechanisms of medieval diplomacy. Together, these works offer scholars, students, and enthusiasts a reliable and unembellished account of a transformative period in English and European history. Essential for anyone interested in medieval chronicles, the Hundred Years’ War, or the reign of Edward III.

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On 21st May 1882 William Henry Fitzroy 6th Duke Grafton [aged 62] died. His brother Augustus [aged 60] succeeded 7th Duke Grafton, 7th Earl Euston, 7th Viscount Ipswich, 7th Baron Sudbury, 8th Earl Arlington, 8th Viscount Thetford, 8th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 8th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 4th December 1918 Augustus Charles Lennox Fitzroy 7th Duke Grafton [aged 97] died in Wakefield Lodge, Pottersbury. His son Alfred [aged 68] succeeded 8th Duke Grafton, 8th Earl Euston, 8th Viscount Ipswich, 8th Baron Sudbury, 9th Earl Arlington, 9th Viscount Thetford, 9th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 9th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Susanna Mary Mctaggart Stewart Duchess Grafton by marriage Duchess Grafton.

On 10th January 1930 Alfred Fitzroy 8th Duke Grafton [aged 79] died. His grandson John [aged 15] succeeded 9th Duke Grafton, 9th Earl Euston, 9th Viscount Ipswich, 9th Baron Sudbury, 10th Earl Arlington, 10th Viscount Thetford, 10th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 10th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Rita Emily Carr-Ellison Duchess Grafton [aged 18] by marriage Duchess Grafton.

On 4th August 1936 John Charles William Fitzroy 9th Duke Grafton [aged 22] was killed racing his Bugatti at the Limerick Grand Prix. Earl Arlington, Viscount Thetford, Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex abeyant between his sisters Margaret Jane Fitzroy [aged 20] and Mary Rose Fitzroy [aged 17]. His first cousin once removed Charles [aged 44] succeeded 10th Duke Grafton, 10th Earl Euston, 10th Viscount Ipswich, 10th Baron Sudbury.

The Queensland Times reported: "DUKE OF GRAFTON KILLED IN MOTOR RACE. LONDON, August 4. The Duke of Grafton, a keen motorist, was competing in the Limerick International Grand Prix when his car skidded, crashed into a wall, rebounded, and burst into flames. The Duke, whose clothes were burnt off, was taken to hospital, and died later. He was the first Duke of Grafton in 200 years to celebrate his 21st birthday as Duke."

Unknown newspaper: "MOTOR RACING TRAGEDY. DUKE OF GRAFTON. His Car in Flames After Crash. BELFASTMAN WINS AT LIMERICK. The 150 miles motor car race for Limerick International Grand Prix, held yesterday through the streets of Limerick, was won by Arthur Hutchinson, of Belfast, driving the M.G. car entered by J. W. Patterson, also of this city. He was almost the limit man in the race, receiving eleven laps of the two and three-quarter miles circuit and one minute, the only driver starting in front of him being Mangan (Dublin) in a similar make of car entered by Mr. Sheane, of Wicklow. The race was marred by a tragedy. The 22-year-old Duke of Grafton, driving a Bugatti, in the carly stages lost control and crashed into a stone wall. The car immediately burst into flames and though the Duke was soon dragged from the burning car, he had to be removed to Limerick hospital, where he died at 1-22 this morning. Hutchinson went into the lead after a few laps of the race had been covered and averaging just about 60 miles an hour he was never headed, completing the full distance at 57.14 miles an hour and running out the winner by sixteen seconds. In second place came the virtual scratch man of the race, A. C. Dobson, in a one and a half litre E.R.A. car. He had one minute start, from his brother, Austin Dobson, who did not compete. Dobson had the distinction of making the fastest-speed of the race, averaging 69.69 miles an hour. In third place came another English driver, Percy M‘Clure, of Coventry, in a Riley, who averaged — 53.39 miles an hour. Manders, of Dublin, the driver of the Adler, was fourth, with an average speed a little in excess of the winner.

Eyewitness Accounts. T.E. O’Donnell, section marshal: "The car left the ground after hitting a rise in the road, skidded for about 25 yards, and the rear struck a pier. It was immediately engulfed in flames, leaving a trail of fire for nearly 50 yards." Albert Bennett, marshal: "I found the Duke lying three or four feet from the car, surrounded by flames. His clothes had been burned off, but he was able to speak: ‘I am all right; I am not too bad.’"

Two spectators sitting atop the wall into which the car crashed were also seriously burned and required hospitalization. Some marshals sustained burns while attempting to extinguish the flames and assist the Duke.

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In 1999 Jennifer Nelson 11th Baroness Arlington [aged 59] abeyance terminated 11th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex 2nd Creation 1672

Summary

22nd April 1672. 1st. Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington [aged 54] created.

28th July 1685. 2nd. Daughter Isabella Bennet Duchess Grafton [aged 17] succeeded.

7th February 1723. 3rd. Son Charles Fitzroy 2nd Duke Grafton [aged 39] succeeded.

6th May 1757. 4th. Grandson Augustus Henry Fitzroy 3rd Duke Grafton [aged 21] succeeded.

14th March 1811. 5th. Son George Henry Fitzroy 4th Duke Grafton [aged 51] succeeded.

28th September 1844. 6th. Son Henry Fitzroy 5th Duke Grafton [aged 54] succeeded.

26th March 1863. 7th. Son William Henry Fitzroy 6th Duke Grafton [aged 43] succeeded.

21st May 1882. 8th. Brother Augustus Charles Lennox Fitzroy 7th Duke Grafton [aged 60] succeeded.

4th December 1918. 9th. Son Alfred Fitzroy 8th Duke Grafton [aged 68] succeeded.

10th January 1930. 10th. Grandson John Charles William Fitzroy 9th Duke Grafton [aged 15] succeeded.

4th August 1936. John Charles William Fitzroy 9th Duke Grafton abeyant. See 1936 Limerick Grand Prix.

On 22nd April 1672 Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington [aged 54] was created 1st Earl Arlington, 1st Viscount Thetford and 1st Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex with a similar remainder, and in default of heirs of his body, to his brother Sir John Bennet [aged 55] and the heirs male of his body. Elisabeth Nassau Beverweert Countess Arlington [aged 38] by marriage Countess Arlington. See Viscountcies of England Created with a Special Remainder.

On 28th July 1685 Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington [aged 67] died. His daughter Isabella [aged 17] succeeded 2nd Countess Arlington, 2nd Viscountess Thetford, 2nd Baroness Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 2nd Baroness Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 7th February 1723 Isabella Bennet Duchess Grafton [aged 55] died. Her son Charles [aged 39] succeeded 3rd Earl Arlington, 3rd Viscount Thetford, 3rd Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 3rd Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 6th May 1757 Charles Fitzroy 2nd Duke Grafton [aged 73] died. His grandson Augustus [aged 21] succeeded 3rd Duke Grafton, 3rd Earl Euston, 3rd Viscount Ipswich, 3rd Baron Sudbury, 4th Earl Arlington, 4th Viscount Thetford, 4th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 4th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Anne Liddell Duchess Grafton [aged 20] by marriage Duchess Grafton.

On 14th March 1811 Augustus Henry Fitzroy 3rd Duke Grafton [aged 75] died. His son George [aged 51] succeeded 4th Duke Grafton, 4th Earl Euston, 4th Viscount Ipswich, 4th Baron Sudbury, 5th Earl Arlington, 5th Viscount Thetford, 5th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 5th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 28th September 1844 George Henry Fitzroy 4th Duke Grafton [aged 84] died. His son Henry [aged 54] succeeded 5th Duke Grafton, 5th Earl Euston, 5th Viscount Ipswich, 5th Baron Sudbury, 6th Earl Arlington, 6th Viscount Thetford, 6th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 6th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Mary Caroline Berkeley Duchess Grafton [aged 49] by marriage Duchess Grafton.

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Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough

A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'

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On 26th March 1863 Henry Fitzroy 5th Duke Grafton [aged 73] died at Wakefield Lodge, Pottersbury. His son William [aged 43] succeeded 6th Duke Grafton, 6th Earl Euston, 6th Viscount Ipswich, 6th Baron Sudbury, 7th Earl Arlington, 7th Viscount Thetford, 7th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 7th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Marie Anne Louise Baring Duchess Grafton [aged 30] by marriage Duchess Grafton.

On 21st May 1882 William Henry Fitzroy 6th Duke Grafton [aged 62] died. His brother Augustus [aged 60] succeeded 7th Duke Grafton, 7th Earl Euston, 7th Viscount Ipswich, 7th Baron Sudbury, 8th Earl Arlington, 8th Viscount Thetford, 8th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 8th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 4th December 1918 Augustus Charles Lennox Fitzroy 7th Duke Grafton [aged 97] died in Wakefield Lodge, Pottersbury. His son Alfred [aged 68] succeeded 8th Duke Grafton, 8th Earl Euston, 8th Viscount Ipswich, 8th Baron Sudbury, 9th Earl Arlington, 9th Viscount Thetford, 9th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 9th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Susanna Mary Mctaggart Stewart Duchess Grafton by marriage Duchess Grafton.

On 10th January 1930 Alfred Fitzroy 8th Duke Grafton [aged 79] died. His grandson John [aged 15] succeeded 9th Duke Grafton, 9th Earl Euston, 9th Viscount Ipswich, 9th Baron Sudbury, 10th Earl Arlington, 10th Viscount Thetford, 10th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 10th Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex. Rita Emily Carr-Ellison Duchess Grafton [aged 18] by marriage Duchess Grafton.

On 4th August 1936 John Charles William Fitzroy 9th Duke Grafton [aged 22] was killed racing his Bugatti at the Limerick Grand Prix. Earl Arlington, Viscount Thetford, Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and Baron Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex abeyant between his sisters Margaret Jane Fitzroy [aged 20] and Mary Rose Fitzroy [aged 17]. His first cousin once removed Charles [aged 44] succeeded 10th Duke Grafton, 10th Earl Euston, 10th Viscount Ipswich, 10th Baron Sudbury.

The Queensland Times reported: "DUKE OF GRAFTON KILLED IN MOTOR RACE. LONDON, August 4. The Duke of Grafton, a keen motorist, was competing in the Limerick International Grand Prix when his car skidded, crashed into a wall, rebounded, and burst into flames. The Duke, whose clothes were burnt off, was taken to hospital, and died later. He was the first Duke of Grafton in 200 years to celebrate his 21st birthday as Duke."

Unknown newspaper: "MOTOR RACING TRAGEDY. DUKE OF GRAFTON. His Car in Flames After Crash. BELFASTMAN WINS AT LIMERICK. The 150 miles motor car race for Limerick International Grand Prix, held yesterday through the streets of Limerick, was won by Arthur Hutchinson, of Belfast, driving the M.G. car entered by J. W. Patterson, also of this city. He was almost the limit man in the race, receiving eleven laps of the two and three-quarter miles circuit and one minute, the only driver starting in front of him being Mangan (Dublin) in a similar make of car entered by Mr. Sheane, of Wicklow. The race was marred by a tragedy. The 22-year-old Duke of Grafton, driving a Bugatti, in the carly stages lost control and crashed into a stone wall. The car immediately burst into flames and though the Duke was soon dragged from the burning car, he had to be removed to Limerick hospital, where he died at 1-22 this morning. Hutchinson went into the lead after a few laps of the race had been covered and averaging just about 60 miles an hour he was never headed, completing the full distance at 57.14 miles an hour and running out the winner by sixteen seconds. In second place came the virtual scratch man of the race, A. C. Dobson, in a one and a half litre E.R.A. car. He had one minute start, from his brother, Austin Dobson, who did not compete. Dobson had the distinction of making the fastest-speed of the race, averaging 69.69 miles an hour. In third place came another English driver, Percy M‘Clure, of Coventry, in a Riley, who averaged — 53.39 miles an hour. Manders, of Dublin, the driver of the Adler, was fourth, with an average speed a little in excess of the winner.

Eyewitness Accounts. T.E. O’Donnell, section marshal: "The car left the ground after hitting a rise in the road, skidded for about 25 yards, and the rear struck a pier. It was immediately engulfed in flames, leaving a trail of fire for nearly 50 yards." Albert Bennett, marshal: "I found the Duke lying three or four feet from the car, surrounded by flames. His clothes had been burned off, but he was able to speak: ‘I am all right; I am not too bad.’"

Two spectators sitting atop the wall into which the car crashed were also seriously burned and required hospitalization. Some marshals sustained burns while attempting to extinguish the flames and assist the Duke.

Click to read more ...