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The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll 1774-1835

Paternal Family Tree: Villiers

Maternal Family Tree: Frances Twysden 1753-1821

In March 1770 [her father] George Bussy Villiers 4th Earl Jersey [aged 34] and [her mother] Frances Twysden [aged 17] were married. She just past her 17th birthday, he twice her age. He the son of [her grandfather] William Villiers 3rd Earl Jersey and [her grandmother] Anne Egerton Duchess Bedford.

On 16th December 1774 Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll was born to George Bussy Villiers 4th Earl Jersey [aged 39] and Frances Twysden [aged 21].

On 5th July 1795 Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 27] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 20] were married. She the daughter of George Bussy Villiers 4th Earl Jersey [aged 60] and Frances Twysden [aged 42]. He the son of Henry Bayly-Paget 1st Earl Uxbridge [aged 51] and Jane Champagné Countess Uxbridge [aged 53].

On 6th June 1796 [her daughter] Caroline Paget Duchess Richmond was born to [her husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 28] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 21]. She married 10th April 1817 Charles Gordon-Lennox 5th Duke Richmond, son of Charles Lennox 4th Duke Richmond and Charlotte Gordon Duchess Richmond, and had issue.

In April 1797 George Stewart 8th Earl Galloway [aged 29] and [her sister-in-law] Jane Paget Countess Galloway [aged 22] were married. She the daughter of [her father-in-law] Henry Bayly-Paget 1st Earl Uxbridge [aged 52] and [her mother-in-law] Jane Champagné Countess Uxbridge [aged 55]. He the son of John Stewart 7th Earl Galloway [aged 61] and Anne Dashwood Countess Galloway [aged 54].

On 6th July 1797 [her son] Henry Paget 2nd Marquess Anglesey was born to [her husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 29] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 22]. He married 1. 5th August 1819 Eleanora Campbell and had issue 2. 27th August 1833 his fifth cousin once removed Henrietta Bagot Marchioness Anglesey and had issue.

On 13th October 1798 [her daughter] Jane Paget Marchioness Conyngham was born to [her husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 30] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 23]. She married 23rd April 1824 Francis Nathaniel Conyngham 2nd Marquess Conyngham, son of Henry Conyngham 1st Marquess Conyngham and Elizabeth Denison Marchioness Conyngham, and had issue.

In 1800 John Hoppner [aged 41]. Portrait of Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 25].

On 29th August 1800 [her daughter] Georgina Paget Lady Crofton was born to [her husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 32] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 25]. She married 19th October 1833 Edward Crofton 2nd Baron Crofton, son of Edward Crofton 3rd Baronet and Charlotte Stewart Lady Crofton, and had issue.

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The History of William Marshal, Earl of Chepstow and Pembroke, Regent of England. Book 1 of 2, Lines 1-10152.

The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.

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On 26th January 1802 [her daughter] Augusta Paget Baroness Templemore was born to [her husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 33] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 27]. She married 1820 Arthur Chichester 1st Baron Templemore and had issue.

On 13th January 1803 [her brother-in-law] John Ponsonby 1st Viscount Ponsonby [aged 33] and [her sister] Frances Elizabeth Villiers Viscountess Ponsonby [aged 17] were married. She the daughter of [her father] George Bussy Villiers 4th Earl Jersey [aged 67] and [her mother] Frances Twysden [aged 49]. He the son of William Ponsonby 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly in County Cork [aged 58] and Louisa Molesworth Countess Fitzwilliam [aged 54].

On 1st March 1803 [her son] William Paget was born to [her husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 34] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 28].

On 11th February 1804 [her daughter] Agnes Paget was born to [her husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 35] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 29]. She married 7th March 1829 George Byng 2nd Earl Strafford, son of John Byng 1st Earl Strafford and Mary Stevens Mackenzie, and had issue.

On 23rd May 1804 [her brother] George Child-Villiers 5th Earl Jersey [aged 30] and [her sister-in-law] Sarah Sophia Fane Countess Jersey [aged 19] were married at Berkeley Square, Mayfair. She the daughter of John Fane 10th Earl of Westmoreland [aged 44] and Sarah Anne Child Countess of Westmoreland. He the son of [her father] George Bussy Villiers 4th Earl Jersey [aged 68] and [her mother] Frances Twysden [aged 51].

In 1805 John Cole 2nd Earl Enniskillen [aged 36] and [her sister-in-law] Charlotte Paget Countess Enniskillen [aged 23] were married. She by marriage Countess Enniskillen. She the daughter of [her father-in-law] Henry Bayly-Paget 1st Earl Uxbridge [aged 60] and [her mother-in-law] Jane Champagné Countess Uxbridge [aged 63]. He the son of William Willoughby Cole 1st Earl Enniskillen and Anne Lowry-Corry Countess Enniskillen.

On 31st January 1805 [her son] Arthur Paget was born to [her husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 36] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 30].

On 22nd August 1805 [her father] George Bussy Villiers 4th Earl Jersey [aged 70] died. His son [her brother] George [aged 32] succeeded 5th Earl Jersey, 8th Viscount Grandison, 5th Viscount Villiers, 5th Baron Villiers. [her sister-in-law] Sarah Sophia Fane Countess Jersey [aged 20] by marriage Countess Jersey.

In 1810 Henry Wellesley 1st Baron Cowley [aged 36] and Charlotte Cadogan Marchioness Anglesey [aged 28] were divorced by an Act of Parliament following her elopement with [her husband] Henry Paget [aged 41]. Following the divorce, Wellesley was awarded £20,000 plus costs in damages against Paget.

On 29th November 1810, a month after her divorce, George William Campbell 6th Duke Argyll [aged 42] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 35] were married at Canongate Kirk. She by marriage Duchess Argyll. She the daughter of George Bussy Villiers 4th Earl Jersey and Frances Twysden [aged 57]. He the son of John Campbell 5th Duke Argyll and Elizabeth Gunning Duchess Hamilton and Argyll.

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The History of William Marshal, Earl of Chepstow and Pembroke, Regent of England. Book 1 of 2, Lines 1-10152.

The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.

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On 29th November 1810 Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 42] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 35] were divorced by an act of Parliament as a result of his having had an affair with Charlotte Cadogan Marchioness Anglesey [aged 29] whose husband Henry Wellesley 1st Baron Cowley [aged 37] also sought a divorce.

After 29th November 1810 [her former husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 42] and Charlotte Cadogan Marchioness Anglesey [aged 29] were married. She the daughter of Charles Sloane Cadogan 1st Earl Cadogan and Mary Churchill Countess Cadogan [aged 52]. He the son of [her former father-in-law] Henry Bayly-Paget 1st Earl Uxbridge [aged 66] and [her former mother-in-law] Jane Champagné Countess Uxbridge [aged 68].

On 10th April 1817 [her son-in-law] Charles Gordon-Lennox 5th Duke Richmond [aged 25] and Caroline Paget Duchess Richmond [aged 20] were married. She the daughter of Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 48] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 42]. He the son of Charles Lennox 4th Duke Richmond [aged 52] and Charlotte Gordon Duchess Richmond [aged 48].

On 5th August 1819 Henry Paget 2nd Marquess Anglesey [aged 22] and Eleanora Campbell were married. He the son of Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 51] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 44].

In 1820 [her son-in-law] Arthur Chichester 1st Baron Templemore [aged 22] and Augusta Paget Baroness Templemore [aged 17] were married. She the daughter of Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 51] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 45].

In 1820 [her brother-in-law] John Douglas Edward Henry Campbell 7th Duke Argyll [aged 42] and Joan Glassel [aged 45] were married. He the son of John Campbell 5th Duke Argyll and Elizabeth Gunning Duchess Hamilton and Argyll.

On 25th July 1821 [her mother] Frances Twysden [aged 68] died in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. She was buried in the Villiers Vault, All Saints' Church, Middleton Stoney.

On 23rd April 1824 [her son-in-law] Francis Nathaniel Conyngham 2nd Marquess Conyngham [aged 26] and Jane Paget Marchioness Conyngham [aged 25] were married. She the daughter of Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 55] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 49]. He the son of Henry Conyngham 1st Marquess Conyngham [aged 57] and Elizabeth Denison Marchioness Conyngham [aged 55].

On 28th December 1825 [her son] Arthur Paget [aged 20] died.

On 7th March 1829 [her son-in-law] George Byng 2nd Earl Strafford [aged 22] and Agnes Paget [aged 25] were married. She the daughter of Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 60] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 54]. He the son of John Byng 1st Earl Strafford [aged 57] and Mary Stevens Mackenzie.

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The True Chronicles of Jean le Bel Volume 2 Chapters 61-109 1342-1361

The Chronicle of Jean le Bel, Volume 2 continues one of the most important fourteenth-century accounts of the early Hundred Years’ War. Written by the Liège chronicler Jean le Bel, this vivid narrative follows the fortunes of Edward III, Jean II of France, the Black Prince, the great nobles of France and England, and the soldiers, captains and companies who shaped the conflict. This volume covers some of the most dramatic events of the period, including the battles of Crécy and Poitiers, the siege and capture of Calais, the captivity of King John, the rise of the Jacquerie, the turmoil in Paris under Étienne Marcel and Charles of Navarre, the devastation caused by the free companies, Edward III’s great campaign of 1359–1360, and the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Brétigny. Jean le Bel’s chronicle is especially valuable for its lively detail, its interest in chivalry, warfare, politics and reputation, and its influence on later chroniclers, most famously Froissart. This English translation presents the text in clear, readable British English while preserving the force and character of the original narrative. The translation includes extensive notes to help the reader better understand Jean le Bel's text. Volume 2 also includes translated appendices drawn from royal and administrative records, many from the English Record Office, which illuminate Edward III’s campaigns in Brittany, the siege and occupation of Calais, naval preparations, military finance, appointments, safe conducts and related affairs.

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On 4th August 1832 John Robert Townshend 1st Earl Sydney [aged 26] and [her illegitimate step-daughter] Emily Paget Countess Sydney [aged 22] were married. She the illegitmate daughter of [her former husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 64] and Charlotte Cadogan Marchioness Anglesey [aged 51].

On 27th August 1833 Henry Paget 2nd Marquess Anglesey [aged 36] and Henrietta Bagot Marchioness Anglesey were married. He the son of Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 65] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 58]. They were fifth cousin once removed.

On 19th October 1833 [her son-in-law] Edward Crofton 2nd Baron Crofton [aged 27] and Georgina Paget Lady Crofton [aged 33] were married. She the daughter of Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 65] and Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 58].

On 16th June 1835 Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll [aged 60] died.

On 22nd October 1839 [her former husband] George William Campbell 6th Duke Argyll [aged 71] died. His brother [her former brother-in-law] John [aged 61] succeeded 7th Duke Argyll, 4th Baron Hamilton of Hameldon in Leicestershire.

On 29th April 1854 [her former husband] Henry William Paget 1st Marquess Anglesey [aged 85] died. His son Henry [aged 56] succeeded 2nd Marquess Anglesey, 3rd Earl Uxbridge, 11th Baron Paget Beaudasert, 5th Baronet Bayly of Plas Newydd in Anglesey. Henrietta Bagot Marchioness Anglesey by marriage Marchioness Anglesey.

Adeline Horsey Recollections. I remember often meeting Lady Charlotte Cadogan, who ran away with Lord Anglesey; they lived together for some years until Lady Anglesey divorced her husband, and he was free to marry Lady Charlotte. Lady Anglesey, who was a daughter of the Earl of Jersey, afterwards married the sixth Duke of Argyll, but she was a great invalid and quite a cripple during the latter part of her life.

Royal Ancestors of Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll 1774-1835

Kings Wessex: Great x 22 Grand Daughter of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 18 Grand Daughter of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 24 Grand Daughter of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 19 Grand Daughter of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings Godwinson: Great x 23 Grand Daughter of King Harold II of England

Kings England: Great x 9 Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Kings Scotland: Great x 18 Grand Daughter of King William I of Scotland

Kings France: Great x 12 Grand Daughter of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 26 Grand Daughter of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Kings Spain: Great x 19 Grand Daughter of Alfonso VII King Castile VII King Leon

Royal Descendants of Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll 1774-1835
Number after indicates the number of unique routes of descent. Descendants of Kings and Queens not included.

Diana Spencer Princess Wales [1]

Ancestors of Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll 1774-1835

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Villiers

Great x 3 Grandfather: Edward Villiers 9 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Barbara St John 8 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: Edward Villiers 1st Earl Jersey 10 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Theophilus Howard 2nd Earl Suffolk 8 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Frances Howard 9 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Home Countess Suffolk 15 x Great Granddaughter of King John of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: William Villiers 2nd Earl Jersey 11 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Unknown Chiffinch

Great x 3 Grandfather: William Chiffinch

Great x 2 Grandmother: Barbara Chiffinch Countess Jersey

Grandfather: William Villiers 3rd Earl Jersey 12 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Father: George Bussy Villiers 4th Earl Jersey 8 x Great Grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Egerton 1st Earl Bridgewater

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Egerton 2nd Earl Bridgewater 4 x Great Grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Stanley Countess Bridgewater 3 x Great Granddaughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Egerton 3rd Earl Bridgewater 5 x Great Grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Cavendish 1st Duke Newcastle upon Tyne 4 x Great Grandson of King Edward IV of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Cavendish Countess Bridgewater 5 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward IV of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Bassett Countess Newcastle upon Tyne 12 x Great Granddaughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: Scroop Egerton 1st Duke Bridgewater 6 x Great Grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Paulet 5th Marquess Winchester 8 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Charles Paulet 1st Duke Bolton 9 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Jane Savage Marchioness Winchester 8 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Jane Paulet Countess Bridgewater 9 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Emanuel Scrope 1st Earl of Sunderland 7 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Scrope 6th Marchioness Winchester 8 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Martha Jeanes

Grandmother: Anne Egerton Duchess Bedford 7 x Great Granddaughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 3 Grandfather: Winston Churchill

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Churchill 1st Duke of Marlborough 14 x Great Grandson of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Drake

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Drake 13 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Helen Boteler 12 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 1 Grandmother: Elizabeth Churchill Countess Bridgewater 15 x Great Granddaughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Jennings

Great x 3 Grandfather: Richard Jennings

Great x 2 Grandmother: Sarah Jennings Duchess of Marlborough

Great x 4 Grandfather: Gifford Thornhurst 1st Baronet

Great x 3 Grandmother: Frances Thornhurst

Great x 4 Grandmother: Susanna Temple

Caroline Elizabeth Villiers Duchess Argyll 9 x Great Granddaughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Grandfather: Bishop Philip Twysden

Mother: Frances Twysden