Beheaded

On 23rd August 30BC Marcus Antonius aka Antyllus 47BC 30BC [aged 17] was beheaded following the suicide of his father Mark Antony 83BC 30BC [deceased] and stepmother Cleopatra VII Philopator 69BC 30BC [deceased].

On 31st May 1076 Waltheof Northumbria 1st Earl of Northampton 1st Earl Huntingdon was beheaded at St Gile's Hill, Winchester. His daughter Maud [aged 2] succeeded 2nd Countess Huntingdon, 2nd Countess of Northampton.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 1076. This year also was Earl Waltheof beheaded at Winchester, Hampshire [Map], on the mass-day of St. Petronilla;⁹⁹ and his body was carried to Croyland [Map], where he lies buried. King William [aged 48] now went over sea, and led his army to Brittany, and beset the castle of Dol; but the Bretons defended it, until the king [aged 23] came from France; whereupon William departed thence, having lost there both men and horses, and many of his treasures.

Note 99. This notice of St. Petronilla, whose name and existence seem scarcely to have been known to the Latin historians, we owe exclusively to the valuable MS. "Cotton Tiberius" B lv. Yet if ever female saint deserved to be commemorated as a conspicuous example of early piety and christian zeal, it must be Petronilla.

On 29th June 1149 Raymond Poitiers [aged 34] was beheaded at the Battle of Inab.

On 4th July 1187 the Battle of Hattin took place on 4 July 1187, between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin. The Muslim armies captured or killed the majority of the Crusader forces resulting in the Muslims once again becoming the pre-eminent military power in the Holy Land, re-capturing Jerusalem and most of the other Crusader-held cities and castles.

Raynald of Châtillon [aged 63] was captured during the battle and personally beheaded by Saladin after he refused to convert to Islam.

On 19th June 1312 Piers Gaveston 1st Earl Cornwall [aged 28] was taken to Blacklow Hill, Warwickshire [Map] where he was beheaded. Earl Cornwall extinct. Blacklow Hill, Warwickshire [Map] being outside of the lands of Guy Beauchamp 10th Earl of Warwick [aged 40]. Gaveston's body was left where it lay eventually being recovered by Dominican friars who took it to King's Langley Priory, Hertfordshire [Map].

On 22nd March 1322 Thomas Plantagenet 2nd Earl of Leicester, 2nd Earl Lancaster, Earl of Salisbury and Lincoln [aged 44] was beheaded at Pontefract Castle [Map] following his capture six days before at the Battle of Boroughbridge. He was buried at Pontefract Priory [Map]. Earl of Leicester, Earl Lancaster forfeit.

On 14th April 1322 Bartholomew Badlesmere 1st Baron Badlesmere [aged 46] was tried by Henry Cobham 1st Baron Cobham [aged 62] at Canterbury, Kent [Map].

Sentenced to death Bartholomew Badlesmere 1st Baron Badlesmere was drawn for three miles behind a horse to Blean, Canterbury, where he held property, where he was beheaded. His head was displayed on the Burgh Gate, Canterbury and the rest of his body left hanging at Blean, Canterbury. He was buried at Whitefriars. His nephew Henry Burghesh's [aged 30] lands were also seized. These were restored around 1326.

On 15th October 1326 brothers Richard Stapledon and Bishop Walter Stapledon [aged 65] were beheaded in the street by a mob loyal to Queen Isabella.

On 17th November 1326 Edmund Fitzalan 2nd or 9th Earl of Arundel [aged 41] was beheaded at Hereford [Map]. Earl Arundel forfeit. According to the Llandaff Chronicle he was executed by a "worthless wretch" ("villissimi ribaldi") with a blunt sword requiring twenty-two strokes although I have been unable to find a copy of the Chronicle to confirm this story. He was initially buried at the Franciscan Church, Hereford, subsequently reburied at his family's traditional place of burial Haughmond Abbey [Map].

On 19th March 1330 the King's uncle Edmund of Woodstock 1st Earl Kent [aged 28] was beheaded at Winchester Castle [Map]. Earl Kent forfeit. Edmund had been convicted of plotting against the court believing his brother King Edward II was still alive. It later emerged the plot had been created by Roger Mortimer 1st Earl March [aged 42] to entrap Edmund. King Edward III of England [aged 17] was unable to show leniency risking complicity in the plot. He was buried at Westminster Abbey [Map].

See Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke, Walter of Guisborough, Knighton 2555, Murimuth and Parliament Rolls.

On 14th June 1381 the mob gained access to the Tower of London [Map] capturing Joan "Fair Maid of Kent" Princess Wales [aged 52], the future King Henry IV of England [aged 14], Joan Holland Duchess York [aged 1] and Archbishop Simon Sudbury [aged 65].

Archbishop Simon Sudbury was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at Canterbury Cathedral [Map].

Lord Treasurer Robert Hales [aged 56], who had only been appointed on the 1st February 1381, was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map].

On 15th June 1381 King Richard II of England [aged 14] met with Wat Tyler at Smithfield [Map]. During the course of the meeting Wat Tyler was wounded by William Walworth. Wat Tyler was then captured and beheaded at Smithfield [Map]. His head was placed on top a pole and carried through the city, then displayed on London Bridge.

William Walworth and John Philpot were knighted by King Richard II of England.

On 15th June 1381 John Cavendish [aged 35] was captured at Church of St Mary, Cavendish during the Peasants' Revolt. He was beheaded in the Market Place in Bury St Edmunds.

On 21st September 1397 Richard Fitzalan 9th Earl of Surrey 4th or 11th Earl of Arundel [aged 51] was tried at Westminster [Map].

He was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map] immediately thereafter. Earl Surrey and Earl Arundel forfeit.

On 29th July 1399 William Scrope 1st Earl Wiltshire [aged 49], Henry Green [aged 52] and John Bussy were beheaded at Bristol Castle, Gloucestershire [Map]. Earl Wiltshire forfeit.

On 7th January 1400 at Cirencester, Gloucestershire [Map] Ralph Lumley 1st Baron Lumley [aged 40] was beheaded by the townspeople following an unsuccessful attempt to seize the town. Baron Lumley forfeit.

Thomas Holland 1st Duke Surrey [aged 26] was beheaded. He had to forfeit the honours and estates he had gained after the arrests of Gloucester and Arundel: Duke Surrey extinct. He retained those he had received before: His brother Edmund [aged 16] succeeded 4th Earl Kent, 3rd Baron Holand, 8th Baron Wake of Liddell. He was buried, or re-buried, at his foundation Mount Grace Priory, North Yorkshire [Map].

John Montagu 3rd Earl Salisbury [aged 50] was captured, tried and beheaded. Earl Salisbury, Baron Montagu, Baron Montagu, Baron Monthermer forfeit.

Bernard Brocas [aged 46] was captured.

On 13th January 1400 Thomas Despencer 1st Earl Gloucester [aged 26] was beheaded at Bristol, Gloucestershire [Map].

On 4th February 1400 Bernard Brocas [aged 46] was tried, and condemned to death, by Thomas Fitzalan 10th Earl of Surrey 5th or 12th Earl of Arundel [aged 18] at Tower of London [Map] for his role in the Epiphany Rising having been captured in Cirencester, Gloucestershire [Map].

On 5th February 1400 Bernard Brocas was beheaded at Tyburn [Map]. He was buried at Greyfriars Church Farringdon Within [Map].

On 8th June 1405 before a great crowd at York [Map]..

Archbishop Richard Scrope [aged 55] was beheaded.

Thomas Mowbray 4th Earl Norfolk 2nd Earl Nottingham [aged 19] was beheaded. His brother John [aged 13] succeeded 5th Earl Norfolk, 3rd Earl Nottingham, 8th Baron Mowbray, 9th Baron Segrave.

On 20th July 1405 John Fauconberg was beheaded in Durham, County Durham [Map].

On 2nd August 1415 Thomas Grey of Werke and Heaton [aged 30] was beheaded at North Gate Southampton, Hampshire [Map] for his role in the Southampton Plot.

On 5th August 1415 two executions of those involved in the Southampton Plot took place at the North Gate aka Bargate [Map]:

Richard of Conisbrough 1st Earl Cambridge [aged 30] was beheaded. His son Richard [aged 3] succeeded 2nd Earl Cambridge.

Henry Scrope 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham [aged 42] was beheaded. His brother John [aged 27] succeeded 4th Baron Scrope of Masham.

On 24th May 1425 Alexander Stewart and Duncan Lennox 8th Earl Lennox [aged 80] were beheaded at Heading Hill at Stirling Castle.

On 25th May 1425 Murdoch Stewart 2nd Duke Albany [aged 63] and his son Walter Stewart [aged 25] were beheaded at Heading Hill at Stirling Castle.

On 24th November 1440 William Crichton 1st Lord Crichton arranged a dinner of reconciliation at the Great Hall, Edinburgh Castle. During the course of the dinner the young brothers William Douglas 3rd Duke Touraine [aged 16] and David Douglas [aged 10] was beheaded in front of the young King James II of Scotland [aged 10].

On 4th July 1450 James Fiennes 1st Baron Saye and Sele [aged 55] was beheaded at the Standard in Cheapside [Map]. His son William [aged 22] succeeded 2nd Baron Saye and Sele and inherited his estates including Hever Castle, Kent [Map] and Herstmonceux Castle, East Sussex [Map].

His son in law William Cromer [aged 34] was also beheaded.

Chronicle of Gregory. 1450. Ande at Rochester [Map] ix [11] men were be-heddyd at that same tyme, and her heddys were sende unto London by the kyngys commaundement, and sette uppon London Brygge [Map] alle at one tyme; and xij [12] heddys at a nothyr tyme were brought unto London at a sette uppe undyr the same forme, as hys^a was commaundyd by the kyng. Men calle it in Kente the Harvyste of Hedys. Will^b

Note a. So in MS.

Note b. The Christian name "Will." is added by a somewhat later hand. The date " 1451 " is also added in the margin in a hand decidedly more modern.

Chronicle of Gregory. 4th July 1450. Ande in the morne he come yn a-gayne, that sory and sympylle and rebellyus captayne why the his mayny; that was Satyrday, and it was also a Synt Martyn is day¹, the dedycacyon of Synt Martynys in the Vyntry [Map], the iiij day of Juylle. And thenne dyvers questys were i-sompnyd at the Gylhalle [Map]; and ther Robert Home beynge alderman was a-restyde and brought in to Newegate. And that same day Wylliam Crowemere [aged 34], squyer, and Scheryffe of Kentt, was be-heddyde in the fylde whythe out Algate at the mylys ende be-syde Clopton is Place. And a nothyr man that was namyde John Bayle was be-heddyd at the Whytte Chapylle. And the same day aftyr-non was be-heddyd in Cheppe a-fore the Standard [Map], Syr Jamys Fynes [aged 55], beyng that tyme the lord Saye and Grrette Treserer of Ingelonde, the whyche was brought oute of the Toure of London [Map] unto the Gylde Halle [Map], and there of dyvers tresons he was exampnyd, of whyche he knowlachyd of the dethe of that notabylle and famos prynce the Duke of Glouceter. And thenne they brought him unto the Standard in Cheppe [Map], and there he ressayvyd his jewys and his dethe. And so forthe alle the iij [3] heddys that day smetyn of were sette uppon the Brygge of London [Map], and the ij othyr heddys takyn downe that stode a-pon the London Brygge by-fore. And at the comyng of the camptayne yn to Sowtheworke, he lete smyte of the hedde of a strong theff that was namyd Haywardyn.

Note 1. The Translation of St. Martin of Tours.

On 1st May 1450 William "Jackanapes" de la Pole 1st Duke of Suffolk [aged 53] was beheaded at sea whilst travelling into exile his ship having been intercepted by the Nicholas of the Tower, or by Admiral Nicholas of the Tower. His son John [aged 7] succeeded 2nd Marquess Suffolk, 5th Earl Suffolk, 5th Baron Pole. Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond [aged 6] by marriage Marchioness Suffolk. Earl Pembroke forfeit.

On 25th June 1460 Osbert Mountfort and two of his associates were beheaded on the sands at the foot of the Rysbank Tower [Map] by Yorkist sailors.

On 30th December 1460 the Lancastrian army took their revenge for the defeats of the First Battle of St Albans and the Battle of Northampton at the Battle of Wakefield near Sandal Castle [Map]. The Lancastrian army was commanded by Henry Holland 3rd Duke Exeter [aged 30], Henry Beaufort 2nd or 3rd Duke of Somerset [aged 24] and Henry Percy 3rd Earl of Northumberland [aged 39], and included John Courtenay 7th or 15th Earl Devon [aged 25] and William Gascoigne XIII [aged 30], both knighted, and James Butler 1st Earl Wiltshire 5th Earl Ormonde [aged 40], John "Butcher" Clifford 9th Baron Clifford [aged 25], John Neville 1st Baron Neville of Raby [aged 50], Thomas Ros 9th Baron Ros Helmsley [aged 33], Henry Roos and Thomas St Leger [aged 20].

The Yorkist army was heavily defeated.

Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York [aged 49] was killed. His son Edward [aged 18] succeeded 4th Duke York, 7th Earl March, 9th Earl of Ulster, 3rd Earl Cambridge, 9th Baron Mortimer of Wigmore.

Thomas Neville [aged 30], and Edward Bourchier were killed.

Father and son Thomas Harrington [aged 60] and John Harrington [aged 36] were killed, the former dying of his wounds the day after.

William Bonville 6th Baron Harington [aged 18] was killed. His daughter Cecily succeeded 7th Baroness Harington.

Thomas Parr [aged 53] fought in the Yorkist army.

Following the battle Richard Neville Earl Salisbury [aged 60] was beheaded by Thomas "Bastard of Exeter" Holland. William Bonville [aged 40] was executed.

Edmund York 1st Earl of Rutland [aged 17] was killed on Wakefield Bridge [Map] by John "Butcher" Clifford. Earl of Rutland extinct.

On 2nd February 1461 following the battle Owen Tudor [aged 61] was beheaded in the Market Place, Hereford [Map]. He was buried thereafter in Greyfriars Church, Hereford in a tomb paid for by his son David Owen [aged 2]. Somewhat curious that his other son Jasper Tudor 1st Duke Bedford [aged 29] didn't contribute although the political situation may have made it difficult to do so.

Memorial to Owen Tudor in the Market Place, Hereford [Map]. Somewhat incongruously between a toddlers merry-go-round and a baked potato stall on the day of our visit.

After 17th February 1461, following his capture at, or shortly after, the Second Battle of St Albans, Henry Lovelace was beheaded.

Chronicle of Robert Fabyan [-1512]. In whiche selfe same daye, which was the xii. [12] day of Marche [1461]¹, a grocer of London, named Walter Walker, for offence by hym done agayne the kynge, was behedyd in Smythfelde; but his wyfe, which after was maryed to lohn Norlande, grocer, and lastlye alderman, had suche frendys about the kynge, that hir goodys were not forfeyted to the kynges vse.

Note 1. If the 'selfe same daye' is the 'Fryday next folowynge' referred to in the previous paragraph then this is Friday 13th of March 1461.

On 3rd April 1461 Thomas Courtenay 6th or 14th Earl Devon [aged 29] was beheaded at York [Map] following his capture at the Battle of Towton. he was attainted; Earl Devon, Baron Courtenay, Baron Okehampton forfeit.

On 1st May 1461 James Butler 1st Earl Wiltshire 5th Earl Ormonde [aged 40] was beheaded at Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland [Map] having been captured at, or after, the Battle of Towton. His brother John [aged 39] succeeded 6th Earl Ormonde. Earl Wiltshire forfeit.

On 23rd February 1462 William Tyrrell [aged 54], John Montgomery and Thomas Tuddenham [aged 60] were beheaded at Tower Hill [Map].

On 15th May 1464 a Yorkist army commanded by John Neville 1st Marquess Montagu [aged 33] defeated a Lancastrian army commanded by Henry Beaufort 2nd or 3rd Duke of Somerset [aged 28] at Hexham, Northumberland [Map] during the Battle of Hexham.

Those fighting for York included John Stafford 1st Earl Wiltshire [aged 36], John Scrope 5th Baron Scrope of Bolton [aged 26] and Richard Welles 7th Baron Welles, Baron Willoughby [aged 36].

Henry Beaufort 2nd or 3rd Duke of Somerset was beheaded following the battle. The general pardon which he has previously received was annulled. Duke Somerset, Marquess Dorset, Earl Somerset and Earl Dorset forfeit for the second time. His son Edmund Beaufort [aged 25] was styled by supporters of the House of Lancaster as Duke of Somerset but had not right to do so.

Philip Wentworth [aged 40] was executed at Middleham [Map].

On 26th May 1464 William Tailboys 7th Baron Kyme [aged 49] was beheaded at Sandhills, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland [Map] having been captured after the Battle of Hexham. He was buried at Greyfriar's Church, Newcastle upon Tyne [Map]. His son Robert [aged 13] succeeded 8th Baron Kyme. Elizabeth Heron Baroness Kyme [aged 11] by marriage Baroness Kyme.

Chronicle of Gregory. 15th May 1464. The xv day of May folowynge this good Lord Mountegewe [aged 33] let to be smete of the heddys of thes men, the whyche that her namys here folowyn in wrytyng: Henry Beaufort Duke of Somerset [aged 28], Edmon Fysche, knyght, Edmon Bradschawe, Water Hunte, Blacke Jakys.

Chronicle of Gregory. 17th May 1464. At the Newecastelle [Map], the xvij day of May, he let to be smete of the heddys, as the namys of them done appere here aftyr in wrytynge: first, the hedde of the Lord Hungerforde [aged 33], the Lord Roos [deceased], Syr Thomas Fyndorne, Barnarde de la Mare, Nycholas Massam.

On 15th July 1464 Ralph Grey of Chillingham [aged 32] was beheaded at Doncaster [Map].

On 17th January 1469 Warwick's supporters were executed in Salisbury Marketplace [Map] in the presence of King Edward IV of England [aged 26]:

Thomas Hungerford was beheaded. His father Robert Hungerford 3rd Baron Hungerford 1st Baron Moleyns had been executed five years previously after the Battle of Hexham.

Henry Courtenay was beheaded.

On 12th August 1469 Woodvilles father and son were beheaded at Kenilworth Castle [Map] by supporters of Richard "Kingmaker" Neville Earl Warwick, 6th Earl Salisbury [aged 40].

Richard Woodville 1st Earl Rivers [aged 64] was beheaded. His son Anthony [aged 29] succeeded 2nd Earl Rivers, 2nd Baron Rivers. Elizabeth Scales Countess Rivers by marriage Countess Rivers.

John Woodville [aged 24] was beheaded.

On 29th September 1469 brothers Humphrey Neville of Brancepeth [aged 30] and Charles Neville of Brancepeth were beheaded at York [Map] in the presence of King Edward IV of England [aged 27] and Richard "Kingmaker" Neville Earl Warwick, 6th Earl Salisbury [aged 40] bringing to an end the Neville-Neville feud that arose as a consequence of the senior line being dis-inherited.

On 12th March 1470 King Edward IV of England [aged 27] commanded at the Battle of Losecoat Field (Empingham).

Thomas Dymoke [aged 42] and Richard Welles 7th Baron Welles, Baron Willoughby [aged 42] were beheaded at Queen's Cross, Stamford before the battle¹. His son Robert succeeded 8th Baron Welles.

The name 'Losecoat' not contemporary, and its meaning of men "losing their coats" may have been invented in the 19th Century. The name Losecoat appears to be first used in the 16th Century Hall's and Holinshed's Chronicles.

The 1475 attainder of Richard and Robert Welles refers to the battle having taken place "in a field called 'Hornefeld' in Empyngham",

Note 1. Some sources say on battlefield immediately prior to the battle, some after the batte

On 19th March 1470 Robert Welles 8th Baron Willoughby 8th Baron Welles was beheaded at Doncaster [Map]. He was buried at Whitefriars Doncaster [Map]. Baron Welles forfeit. His sister Joan succeeded 9th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. Richard Hastings Baron Willoughby [aged 37] by marriage Baron Willoughby de Eresby. He, Hastings, a favourite of King Edward IV of England [aged 27], younger brother of Edward's great friend William Hastings 1st Baron Hastings [aged 39].

On 18th October 1470 John "Butcher of England" Tiptoft 1st Earl of Worcester [aged 43] was beheaded at Tower Green, Tower of London [Map]. On 14th April 1471 His son Edward succeeded 2nd Earl Worcester, 3rd Baron Tiptoft.

On 13th June 1483 Richard, Duke of Gloucester [aged 30], [future King Richard III] held a Council meeting at the Tower of London [Map] attended by William Hastings 1st Baron Hastings [aged 52], Cardinal John Morton [aged 63], Archbishop Thomas Rotherham [aged 59] and Henry Stafford 2nd Duke of Buckingham [aged 28]. During the course of the meeting Richard accused William Hastings 1st Baron Hastings, Cardinal John Morton and Archbishop Thomas Rotherham of treasonable conspiracy with the Queen [aged 46].

William Hastings 1st Baron Hastings was summarily beheaded at Tower Green, Tower of London [Map]. He was buried in North Aisle St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle [Map] next to King Edward IV of England. His son Edward [aged 16] succeeded 2nd Baron Hastings.

Cardinal John Morton and Archbishop Thomas Rotherham were arrested.

On 25th June 1483 supporters of the Woodvilles were executed at Pontefract Castle [Map]..

Anthony Woodville 2nd Earl Rivers [aged 43] was beheaded. His brother Richard [aged 30] succeeded 3rd Earl Rivers, 3rd Baron Rivers.

Richard Grey [aged 26] and Thomas Vaughan [aged 73] were beheaded.

On 2nd November 1483 Henry Stafford 2nd Duke of Buckingham [aged 29] was beheaded in Salisbury Marketplace [Map] for his part in the rebellion. Duke of Buckingham forfeit. His son Edward [aged 5] succeeded 8th Earl Stafford, 9th Baron Stafford.

On 4th December 1483 George Browne [aged 43] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map].

On 2nd May 1485 Roger Clifford [aged 48] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map] for supporting King Henry VII of England and Ireland [aged 28].

On 16th February 1495 William Stanley [aged 60] and Simon Montfort were beheaded at Tower Hill [Map] for their part in the Perkin Warbeck Plot.

Gilbert Debenham [aged 63] was attainted and condemned to death for treason for having supported Stanley. He remained in prison until 1499 when his sister Elizabeth Brewes, in return for paying a large fine, obtained a pardon for her brother and a promise that the attainder would be reversed.

On 24th November 1496 John Radclyffe 9th Baron Fitzwalter [aged 44] was beheaded at Calais [Map] for trying to bribe his jailers. His son Robert [aged 13] succeeded 10th Baron Fitzwalter.

On 28th June 1497 James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 34] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at Blackfriars Church Holborn. His head was placed on a spike at London Bridge [Map]. Baron Audley of Heighley in Staffordshire and Baron Tuchet forfeit.

On 6th May 1502 James Tyrrell [aged 47] was beheaded. He was buried at Austin Friars.

On 17th August 1510 Edmund Dudley [aged 48] and Richard Empson [aged 60] were beheaded at Tower Hill [Map] for constructive treason for having carried out King Henry VII's rigorous and arbitrary system of taxation. The new King King Henry VIII of England and Ireland [aged 19] attempting to distance himself from his father's policies.

On 30th April 1513 Edmund Pole 3rd Duke of Suffolk [aged 42] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map] on the instruction of King Henry VIII after having been imprisoned for seven years. Duke Suffolk, Marquess Suffolk and Earl Suffolk, Baron Pole forfeit.

He, Edmund, was the son of Elizabeth York Duchess Suffolk, sister of Kings Edward IV and Richard III, and George, Duke of Clarence. He, arguably, had a better claim to the throne of England than King Henry VII if King Edward IV's children were illegitimate, and George's children barred from the succession as a consequence of George'a attainder although Anne St Leger's [aged 37] claim better since she descended from an older sister Anne.

He, Edmund, had been given to King Henry VII of England and Ireland as part of the treaty of Malus Intercursus aka Evil Treaty with the condition that he not be executed. King Henry VII in his will instructed his son King Henry VIII to have him executed; an act which attracted the criticism of Montaigne in Chapter 7 of his Essays.

On 17th May 1521 Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham [aged 43] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Duke of Buckingham, Earl Stafford and Baron Stafford forfeit.

He was executed for no specific reason other than his having a significant amount of Plantagenet blood and was, therefore, considered a threat by Henry VIII [aged 29]. He was posthumously attainted by Act of Parliament on 31 July 1523, disinheriting his children. He was buried at St Peter's Church, Britford [Map].

On 22nd June 1535 Bishop John Fisher [aged 65] was beheaded on Tower Hill [Map].

On 6th July 1535 Thomas More [aged 57] was beheaded on Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map].

On 17th May 1536 George Boleyn Viscount Rochford [aged 33], Henry Norreys [aged 54], Francis Weston [aged 25], William Brereton and Mark Smeaton [aged 24] were beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. They were buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map].

On 19th May 1536 Queen Anne Boleyn of England [aged 35] was beheaded at Tower Green, Tower of London [Map]. Unusually a sword was used. Her execution was witnessed by Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk [aged 52], Catherine Carey [aged 12] and Henry Fitzroy 1st Duke Richmond and Somerset [aged 16]. Marquess Pembroke extinct.

She was buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map]. There is myth that her corpse was subsequently removed for burial at the Boleyn family church Church of St Peter and St Paul, Salle [Map] as described in Agnes Strickland's 1852 Lives of the Queens of England Volume 4. Page 212.

On 29th June 1537 John Hussey 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford [aged 72] was beheaded at Lincoln, Lincolnshire [Map]. Baron Hussey of Sleaford forfeit.

On 30th June 1537 Thomas Darcy 1st Baron Darcy Templehurst [aged 70] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. In 1539 he was postumously attainted; Baron Darcy of Darcy aka Templehurst forfeit.

On 9th December 1538 at Tower Hill [Map]:

Edward Neville [aged 67] was beheaded

Henry Courtenay 1st Marquess Exeter [aged 42] was beheaded with a sword. Marquess Exeter, Earl Devon, Earl Devon, Baron Okehampton forfeit as a consequence of his attainder.

Henry Pole 1st Baron Montagu [aged 46] was beheaded

On 3rd March 1539 Nicholas Carew of Beddington in Surrey [aged 43] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map].

Chronicle of Edward Hall [1496-1548]. 3rd March 1539. Also on the third day of March, was sir Nicholas Carew [aged 43] of Bedington, in the countie of Surrey knight of the Gartier, and Maister of the kyngs horse, before attainted of treason, behedded at the tower hil, wher he made a godly confession, bothe of his foly and supersticious faith, geving God most harty thankes that ever he came in the prison of the tower, where he first favored the lyfe and swetenes of Gods moste holy word meaning the Bible in English, which there he read by the meane of one Thomas Phelips then keper of that prison, but before he was a citezen and poyntmaker of London, which Phillips two yeres before had ben ther prysoner himselfe, and sore troubled aswel by syr Thomas More as also by Doctor Stokesley [aged 64] bishop of London, who often tymes examined the sayd Phelips, and layed many articles to his charge, but he so wisely and coldly used him selfe, that he maugre their evyl willes, escaped clerly their handes.

On 28th July 1540 Thomas Cromwell [aged 55] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Earl Essex, Baron Cromwell of Wimbledon in Surrey forfeit. He was buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map].

On 28th July 1540 Walter Hungerford 1st Baron Hungerford Heytesbury [aged 37] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was attainted; Baron Hungerford of Heytesbury forfeit. He, together with his chaplain, a Wiltshire clergyman named William Bird, Rector of Fittleton and Vicar of Bradford, who was suspected of sympathising with the pilgrims of grace of the north of England, was attainted by act of parliament. Hungerford was charged with employing Bird in his house as chaplain, knowing him to be a traitor; with ordering another chaplain, Hugh Wood, and one Dr. Maudlin to practise conjuring to determine the king's length of life, and his chances of victory over the northern rebels; and finally with committing offences forbidden by the 1533 Buggery Act.

Wriothesley's Chronicle [1508-1562]. 27th May 1541. This yeare, the seaven-and-twentith daie of Maie, 1541^a, being Fridaie and the morrow after the Assention Daie, my Ladie of Poole [aged 67], Countesse of Salisburie^b, and mother to the Lord Montague, late putt to death for treason, was beheaded within the Tower of London upon the Greene called East Smithfid for treason^c against the Kinges Majestie. And the same daie were three persons more drawen from the Tower of London to Tiburne, one called Lee, a gentleman of the north countrey, which was hanged and quartered; and another called Tartarsall, a cloath man of that countrey; and one Thome, a yeoman of the same partes, was hanged and headed; which persons with their affinitie had pretended to have made a new conspiracie or insurrection in the north countrey in Lent last past, and were brought up to London by Sir Richard Gresshame, knight and alderman of London; and tenne persons more of their affinitie were hanged, drawen, and quartered in Yorke for the same treason; and one Sir John Nevill [aged 53], knight, was sent from the Tower of London to Yorke to suffer execution their for treason, which was of their councell.

Note a. Nearly two years after the passing of the act of attainder.

Note b. Margaret Plantagenet, the nearest relation to the King in blood, was daughter, and eventually sole heir, of George Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV. She was created Countess of Salisbury in her own right, 14th October, 1513.

Note c. For a supposed treasonable correspondence with her sons, Cardinal Reginald Pole and Lord Montacute.

On 10th December 1541. At Tyburn [Map]...

Francis Dereham [aged 28] was hanged, drawn and quartered.

Thomas Culpepper [aged 27] was beheaded.

Both were buried at St Sepulchre without Newgate Church; their heads were spiked on London Bridge [Map].

On 13th February 1542 Queen Catherine Howard [aged 19] and Jane Parker Viscountess Rochford [aged 37] were beheaded at Tower Green [Map]. Henry Howard Earl of Surrey [aged 26] attended. They were both buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map].

Mary Boleyn [aged 43] was the heir of Jane Parker Viscountess Rochford being the sister of her deceased husband George Boleyn Viscount Rochford.

On 19th January 1547 Henry Howard Earl of Surrey [aged 31] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham [Map]. He had foolishly added the arms of Edward the Confessor¹ to his own arms. He was charged with treasonably quartering the royal arms. His father survived sentence since the King died the day before it was due to take place.

Note 1. Arguably the arms of King Edmund "Ironside", his 14 x great grandfather rather than Edmund's brother Edward the Confessor.

On 20th March 1549 Thomas Seymour 1st Baron Seymour [aged 41] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map]. Baron Seymour of Sudeley forfeit.

Catherine Willoughby Duchess Suffolk [aged 29] became guardian to his daughter Mary Seymour.

On 22nd January 1552 Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset [aged 52] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map]. Duke Somerset, Earl Hertford, Viscount Beauchamp forfeit. His great-grandson William Seymour 2nd Duke of Somerset was restored to the titles in 1660.

On 26th February 1552 Miles Partridge and Ralph Fane were hanged. Thomas Arundell of Wardour Castle [aged 50] and Michael Stanhope [aged 45] were beheaded at Tower Hill [Map] for plotting to assassinate John Dudley 1st Duke Northumberland [aged 48].

Thomas Arundell of Wardour Castle was buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map].

On 22nd August 1553 John Dudley 1st Duke Northumberland [aged 49] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Duke Northumberland, Earl Warwick and Viscount Lisle forfeit. John Dudley 2nd Earl Warwick [aged 26], his son, was also attainted, with the Earldom of Warwick forfeit.

Thomas Palmer and John Gates [aged 49] were hanged, drawn and quartered.

On 12th February 1554 Guildford Dudley [aged 19] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. An hour later his wife Lady Jane Grey [aged 18] was beheaded at Tower Green [Map] by order of Queen Mary I [aged 37]. They were buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map].

On 23rd February 1554 Henry Grey 1st Duke of Suffolk [aged 37] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Duke Suffolk, Marquess Dorset, Earl Huntingdon, Baron Ferrers of Groby, Baron Harington, Baron Bonville forfeit.

Dean Hugh Weston [aged 49] acted as Confessor.

Henry Machyn's Diary. 28 Apr 1554. The xxviij day of Aprell was heddyd on Towre hyll [Map], betwyn ix and x of the cloke a-for none, my lord Thomas Gray, the duke of Suffoke-Dassett brodur, and bered at Allalow's Barkyng [Map], and the hed (unfinished)

Henry Machyn's Diary. 28th May 1557. [The xxviij day of May Thomas Stafford [aged 24] was beheaded on Tower hill [Map], by nine of the clock, master Wode being his] gostly father; and after ther wher iij more [drawn from the To] wre, and thrugh London unto Tyburne [Map], and ther [they were] hangyd and quartered; and the morow after was master [Stafford] quartered, and hangyd on a care, and so to Nuwgatt to [boil.]

On 28th May 1557 Thomas Stafford [aged 24] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map].

On 22nd August 1572 Thomas Percy 7th Earl of Northumberland [aged 44] was beheaded at The Pavement in York. He was buried at St Crux Church, York [Map]. His brother Henry [aged 40] succeeded 8th Earl of Northumberland, 11th Baron Percy of Alnwick, 19th Baron Percy of Topcliffe, 2nd Baron Percy of Alnwick, 10th Baron Poynings.

On 3rd May 1584 William Ruthven 1st Earl Gowrie [aged 41] was beheaded at Stirling Castle [Map] for continuing to rebel against the King. His son James [aged 8] succeeded 2nd Earl Gowrie

In November 1597 John Chichester was beheaded by Randal "Arranach" Macdonnell 1st Earl Antrim at Carrickfergus, County Antrim.

On 25th February 1601 Robert Devereux 2nd Earl Essex [aged 35] was beheaded at Tower Green, Tower of London [Map] as a consequence of his involvement in the Essex Rebellion. Earl Essex, Viscount Hereford, Baron Bourchier and Baron Ferrers of Chartley forfeit. He was the last person to be executed at the Tower of London. It isn't clear whether his other titles Viscount Hereford, Baron Ferrers of Chartley and Baron Bourchier were forfeit.

On 18th March 1601 Charles Danvers [aged 33] and Christopher Blount [aged 36] were beheaded for their part in the Essex Rebellion.

On 5th December 1603 George Brooke [aged 35] was beheaded at Winchester, Hampshire [Map] for his part in the Main and Bye Plots.

On 29th October 1618 Walter Raleigh [aged 64] was beheaded at Old Palace Yard, Westminster Palace. He was buried in St Margaret's Church, Westminster [Map].

There are numerous quotes attributed to Raleigh at his execution although none quote an original source. Many quote his last words as being "What dost thou fear? Strike, man, strike!"

Raleigh's head was embalmed and presented to his wife [Elizabeth Throckmorton [aged 53]]. His body was to be buried in the local church in Beddington, Surrey, the home of Lady Raleigh, but was finally laid to rest in St Margaret's Church, Westminster [Map], where his tomb is located.

On 14th May 1631 Mervyn Tuchet 2nd Earl Castlehaven [aged 38] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. His English titles Baron Audley of Heighley in Staffordshire and Baron Tuchet were forfeited as a result of his attainder. His son James [aged 14] succeeded to his Irish titles 3rd Earl Castlehaven, 3rd Baron Audley of Orier in England.

He was executed for the unnatural crime of sodomy in accordance with the 1533 Buggery Act, committed with his page Laurence (or Florence) FitzPatrick, who confessed to the crime and was executed; and assisting Giles Browning (alias Broadway), who was also executed, in the rape of his wife Anne, Countess of Castlehaven [aged 51], in which Lord Castlehaven was found to have participated by restraining her.

On 12th May 1641 Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford [aged 48] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Earl Strafford, Viscount Wentworth, Baron Wentworth, Baronet Wentworth of Wentworth Woodhouse in Yorkshire forfeit. His execution was attended by an enormous crowd.

Wenceslaus Hollar [aged 33]. Engraving of the execution of Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford marked as C with James Ussher [aged 60] marked as A.

On 19th November 1644 Alexander Carew 2nd Baronet [aged 36] was tried for treason, for attempting to betray the Parliamentary cause, by court-martial and convicted at Guildhall [Map].

On 23rd December 1644 Alexander Carew 2nd Baronet was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at St Augustine's Church, Hackney. His son John [aged 9] succeeded 3rd Baronet Carew of Antony in Cornwall.

In December 1644 Parliament decided to execute the Hothams, father and son, John Hotham 1st Baronet [aged 55] and John Hotham [aged 34].

On 1st January 1645 John Hotham was beheaded for treason by Parliamentarians at Tower Hill [Map]. His father was executed the next day.

On 2nd January 1645 John Hotham 1st Baronet was beheaded for treason by Parliamentarians; his son having been executed the previous day. His grandson John [aged 12] succeeded 2nd Baronet Hotham of Scorborough in Yorkshire.

On 10th January 1645 Archbishop William Laud [aged 71] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at St John's College, Oxford University.

On 30th January 1649 Charles I [aged 48] was beheaded with one clean stroke outside the Banqueting House, Whitehall Palace [Map]. He put his head on the block and, after saying a prayer, he signalled the executioner when he was ready by stretching out his hands.

On 9th March 1649 at the Old Palace Yard, Westminster Palace three Royalist Lords were beheaded ...

Arthur Capell 1st Baron Capell Hadham [aged 41] was beheaded. His son Arthur [aged 17] succeeded 2nd Baron Capell Hadham.

Henry Rich 1st Earl Holland [aged 58] was beheaded. His son Robert [aged 30] succeeded 2nd Earl Holland. Elizabeth Ingram Countess Holland [aged 26] by marriage Countess Holland.

James Hamilton 1st Duke Hamilton [aged 42] was beheaded. His brother William [aged 32] succeeded 2nd Duke Hamilton, 3rd Earl Cambridge, 3rd Baron Innerdale by special remainder.

John Owen [aged 49] had been sentenced to death but was subsequently pardoned.

On 14th June 1662 Henry Vane "The Younger" [aged 49] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map] for treason against King Charles II [aged 32]. He had been sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered, however, King Charles II commuted the sentence to beheading.

On 29th December 1680 William Howard 1st Viscount Stafford [aged 66] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was attainted; Viscount Stafford forfeit. His wife Mary Stafford Countess Stafford [aged 60], with whom he was jointly created Baron Stafford continued as Baroness.

On 21st July 1683 William Russell [aged 43] was beheaded by Jack Ketch at Lincoln's Inn for his involvement in the Rye House Plot. The executioner was so inept that he took four axe blows to separate the head from the body. After the first failed blow his victim looked up and said "You dog, did I give you 10 guineas to use me so inhumanely?".

On 7th December 1683 Algernon Sidney [aged 60] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map] during the Rye House Plot.

A True Account of the Horrid Conspiracy. But the whole Evidence against Walcot being elear and positive Testimony, and what he pleaded for himself being only his own single Affirmation and Negation, without any support of Witnesses,the Jury immediately brought him in Guilty of High Treason. According to which Sentence he was Executed on the 20th of the said Month [20th June 1683]. At the time of his Execution he again acknowledg'd what he had told the King, and writ to the Secretary of State, 'That the Business was laid very deep he said, An Act of Indulgence would do well, because the King had a great many Men to take Judgment of: He persisted, he was to have had no hand in his Majesties Death, though he confess'd it was proposed when he was present: He declared he did not know that this Conspiracy was older than the August or September before: but so old he own'd it was.'

On 30th June 1685 Archibald Campbell 9th Earl Argyll [aged 56] was beheaded on the Maiden (an early gullotine) in Edinburgh for his part in Argyll's Rising. His son Archibald [aged 26] succeeded 10th Earl Argyll. Elizabeth Tollemache Duchess Argyll [aged 25] by marriage Countess Argyll.

On 15th July 1685 James Scott 1st Duke Monmouth 1st Duke Buccleuch [aged 36] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Duke Monmouth and Duke Buccleuch forfeit. Bishop Francis Turner [aged 47] acted a Chaplain.

On 28th January 1697 John Fenwick 3rd Baronet [aged 52] was beheaded for his part in the 1696 Plot to Assassinate King William III. He was buried at St Martin in the Fields Church [Map]. Baronet Fenwick of Fenwick in Northumberland extinct. He was the last person to be executed under an Act of Attainder.

Robert Burdett 3rd Baronet [aged 57] had spoken against the attainder in Parliament.